2400 chp 12
power
capacity to influence other who are in a state of dependence
Legitimate power
stems from persons position on the job
reward power
power holder can exert influence by rewarding and preventing negative outcomes
coercive power
power holder used punishment and threat
expert power
when someone has crucial knowledge or something of value
referent power
power holder is well liked, regardless of hierarchy position
empowerment
giving people authority, opportunity, and motivation to take initiative to solve problems
influence tactics of power
○ Assertiveness - ordering, setting deadlines, verbal confrontation
○ Ingratiation - use flattery, act humble
○ Self-promotion - promote own ability to help other realize
○ Rationality - use logic, management relationships
○ Exchange - do favours for something
○ Upward appeal - get superiors to intervene on their behalf
○ Coalition formation - party seeks support from others
shotgun style
high on all influence tactics with emphasis on assertiveness and exchange
Institutional managers
use power for good of organization, use "coaching" leadership style, and are not interested in others opinions on them
Controlling strategic contingencies
- critical factors affecting organizational effectiveness
§ Scarcity - how scare is your source of power? Can others reward the subunit?
§ Uncertainty - can you provide certainty?
□ EXAMPLE: IT during COVID-19
§ Centrality - How important is your work?
§ Substitutability - Can others substitute you?
Organizational politics
pursuit of self interest in organization
Machiavellianism
use of means to gain power
Machiavellianism characteristics
○ Act in self-interest, even at expense of others
○ Cool and calculating
○ High self-esteem and confidence
○ Form alliances with powerful people
ethics
systematic thinking of moral consequences of decisions
bounded ethicality
people engage in behaviour that violates their own ethical standards
Causes of unethical behaviour
○ Personality - certain personality types are more prone
○ Gain - temptation and greed
○ Extreme performance pressure - people may cut corners
○ Role conflict - role as salesperson vs role as human in society
○ Strong organizational identification - feel company can do no wrong (not enough scrutiny)
○ Competition - scarce resources
○ Organizational and industry culture - cultures could reward or punish corrupt behaviour
§ EXAMPLE: a success-at-any-cost culture
whistle blowing
occurs when current or former organizational member discloses illegitimate practices to some person or organization that could take action
Measures to deal with SH
○ Top management commitment
○ Provide comprehensive education programs
○ Continuously monitor work environment
○ Quickly respond to complaints
○ Have clear policies and reporting procedures