Approx. 1550-1700. Revolution was the belief that thinkers should be using evidence rather than speculation to draw conclusions. “proof”.
Using evidence to test theory.
Approx. 1700-1800. Period where the rise of science and religion clashed, sometimes violently. World full of war, revolution, and hardship.
Approx. 1750-1800. This revolution was about the break away from believing that God shaped social order to believing that people are responsible for organizing society.
Approx. 1780-1840. Brought a host of social problems for social thinkers to chew on. Unsafe factories that created a distinct lower class, child labour, and pockets of poverty.
Auguste Comte. The Industrial Revolution.
Positivism.
Herbert Spencer. Charles Darwin’s Theory of Evolution.
Created by Herbert Spencer. “survival of the fittest” applied to humans. Societies evolved from “uncivilized” and “civilized”.
Max Weber, Emile Durkheim, and Karl Marx.
Max Weber (symbolic interactionism), Karl Marx (conflict theory), and Emile Durkheim (Functionalism).
Are explanations of some aspect of social life that states how and why certain facts are related.
Is the process of systematically observing reality to assess the validity of a theory.
Ideas about what is good and bad, right and wrong.
Functionalism
Harriet Martineau
The clear, intended effects of social structures
The Unintended effects of social structures.
Feminist Theory.
Micro, Macro, and Global.
Are the patterns of close social relations formed during face to face interactions. Ex. Family, friends, classmates.
Are the overarching patterns of social relations that lie outside and above a person’s intimates and acquaintances. Ex. Social class, government, education system.
Are the patterns of social relations that lie outside of and above the national level. Ex. Worldwide organizations, world-wide travel and communication.
Jane Addams
Argues that apparently natural or innate features of life are often sustained by social processes that vary historically and culturally.
Denies the very existence of stable identities.
Subjective approaches on symbolic interactionist paradigm.
Symbolic Interactionism
Functionalism (only)
consists of the shared symbols and their definitions that people create to solve real life problems.
are the concrete objects or abstract terms that represent something else. They fill the human experience.
is the primary symbols system that we share in order to understand communication
Material Culture.
Non-Material Culture.
Non-Material Culture
Norms
Are cultural statements that define what community members consider real.
Folkways, taboos, laws, and Mores.
Informal social preferences, powerful in terms of getting people to engage in conforming behaviour. Not illegal, but present social consequences. Ex. Presenting manners.
Formal social requirements punished for violation. Ex. Student code of conduct.
Forbidden strongest norms, violation is met with revulsion and upsets the whole community. Sanctions are severe. Ex, cannibalism.
Codified by the state.
True
Multiculturalism.
Rationalization.
Iron Cage
Countercultures
Ethnocentrisms.
Socialization.
The “I” and the “me”; two parts of self. “I” is the subjective and unique part of the self and “Me” is the objective side of the Self through social interaction.
• Functionalists: focus on how socialization helps to maintain orderly social relations while minimizing individual freedoms
• Symbolic interactionists: focus on how individuals attach meaning to their social surroundings and highlights how individuals conform to or modify the values and roles that authorities try to teach.
• Conflict and Feminist theories: focus on the discord (conflict) that occurs during socialization based on class, gender, and other divisions.
4 institutions; school, peer groups, mass media, and families.
Families.
Social Interaction.
Role playing is constraining and role making is a freedom.
This refers to the emotion management that people do as part of their job and for which they are paid. Seeing our culture and society has moved from primarily producing goods to providing services, it requires the need for more and more people to become skilled in emotional labour.
Conflict theories believe what guides social interaction are things like: attention, approval, prestige, information, money and resources…
Symbolic Interactionists say – not all interaction is guided by these conflicts and competitions….
Rather, people often behave in ways that have nothing to do with personal gain and that social life is much richer than conflict theories would have us believe. People interact with others based on learned norms, and by taking the role of the other.
The competitive exchange of valued resources structures social interaction
Status differences between men and women structure social interaction
Social interaction involves the interpretation, negotiation, and modification of norms, roles, and statuses.
a) Norms of Solidarity Demand Conformity
b) Bureaucracies are highly effective structures of authority
c) The structure of authority renders people to be obedient.
Bureaucracies.
Because it was a well-organized bureaucracy. And being efficient means achieving the bureaucracy’s goals at the least cost.
Other factors beyond our individual motives prompt us to act in certain ways… maybe even in ways we wouldn’t otherwise. These factors come in the form of SOCIAL COLLECTIVES. Ie: Social Networks, Groups, Bureaucracies, and Societies.
Social Network.
Groups.
Group Think: the pressure to conform despite personal misgivings.
Bystander Apathy: when people observe someone in an emergency but don’t offer any help.
Reference Group.
Imagined.
Consensus Crimes.
Social Diversions.
True
Subjective approaches to deviance see deviant behaviour as a social construction… and study deviance from the point of view of the actor/person.
Objective approaches to deviance view deviant behaviour as something inherent in the individual, or a violation of social norms, or the result of strain embedded in social conditions. Focus: more macro level – not from the individual perspective.
Deviance.
Micro theories.
(focuses on the individual).
Look to theorists like Durkheim and Merton. Deviance is a natural and normal phenomenon and is a necessary part of society. They focused on deviance from a macro level.
Durkheim: all groups will find a least one member that is deviant because it increases group solidarity.
Merton: Modes of Adaptation to strain: how larger social structures are constructed in such a way that they (unintentionally) produce deviance
Conflict theories emphasize the connection between power and crime and how power is used to maintain and perpetuate privilege. Conflict theorists argue that the rich and powerful have a disproportionate amount of control over the criminal justice system and are therefore far more likely (and free to) engage in deviant behaviour and crime.
Social Bond Theory that suggests is young people are firmly bonded to 4 fundamental aspects of social life, they are far less likely to engage in deviant behaviour.
1) Significance/reference others
2) Career aspirations
3) Conventional activities
4) Beliefs/norms of society
focuses on the consequences of power differences in terms of gender to study deviant behaviour.
Refers to the ways in which a social system attempts to regulate people’s thoughts, feelings, appearance and behaviour.
It can be broken down into INTERNAL social control (which regulates people through socialization)
EXTERNAL social control (which regulates people by imposing punishments and offering rewards).
A society characterized by the all-encompassing use of surveillance and technology to optimize social control.
Medical explanations of deviance have replaced other explanations of deviance. From “badness” to “sickness”.
Usually about politics rather than the research of disorders. A lot of money to be made off of medicalization. Often overdiagnoses occur.
Various professional organizations having an interest in doing so.
Moral Panics.
Rehabilitation and Decriminalization and Legalization.
Harm reduction strategies.
Globalization. Globalization is about the rapid movement of capital, commodities, culture, and people across international borders. Lots of advantages and disadvantages to this…
The Global Commodity Chain. We used a video clip of the production of a cotton t-shirt to demonstrate this.
We also discussed: The dangers of the “fast fashion” industry (the collapse of the Rana Plaza Factory in Bangladesh – 1132 deaths) and the homogenization of the world (into the USA) and the concept of McDonaldization.
Technology, politics, and economics.
Symbolic Interactionists challenge the idea of total homogenization and McDonaldization….
People adapt NA values to local customs and preferences. Glocalization refers to the simultaneous homogenization of some aspects of life and the strengthening of some local differences under the impact of globalization.
Economic under-development results from poor countries lacking Western attributes, including Western values, business practices, levels of investment, and stable governments. This simply means that functionalists believe the best way to help developing nations is to transfer these Western ideals to them.
Dependency. See’s economic underdevelopment between the exploit of relations between rich and poor countries.
Prejudice
Discrimination.
Despite the fact that the term “race” has, in many ways, lost its meaning, Sociologists continue with the term because PERCEPTIONS of race profoundly impact people’s lives.
Namely, race matters because it perpetuates SOCIAL INEQUALITY.