Unit 2 Bio - Quiz Circulatory System
What are the main functions of the C.S
- Carries nutrients throughout body
- Transports Oxygen and CDide
- Transports horomones
- Transports waste from cells to kidneys
- Maintains body temp
- Carries Antibodies
Major components of the C.S :
Heart : Muscular Organ
Blood Vessels : Arteries, Veins, Capillaries
Blood : Plasma, RBC, WBC, platelets
2 types of C.S
1. Open Circulatory System:
- Blood called hemolymph, flows freely in body cavity
- Found in invertebrates, Insects
2. Closed Circutlatory System
- Blood contained in vessels
- Found in veterbrates, earthworms, squid.
The Heart:
- Made up of cardiac muscle
- Pumps rhythmically and involuntarily without fatiuge
- Pumps in one direction only
- Seperated oxygen-rich and oxygen-poor blood
Chambers of the Heart (Right Side) (Left Side)
- Right side of heart reveives deoxygenated blood coming back from the heart.
- Left side of heart pumps oxygenated blood fowards the rest of the body.
Chambers of the Heart (Pulmonary Arteries & Veins)
- Pulmonary Arteries carries deoxygenated blood from the heart towards the lungs, (Co2 is released and o2 is picked up).
- Pulmonary Veins carries fresh, oxygenated blood from lungs to heart.
Chambers of the Heart (Atria and Valves)
- Atria receive blood (upper chambers) Ventricles squeeze blood out (lower chambers)
- Valves seperate the different chambers: of ventricular valves and semilunar valves.
Blood Vessels
Arteries : carry blood away from heart, small arteries called arterioles.
Veins : Carry blood towards the heart, small vience called venules.
Capillaries : Smallest blood vessels that connect arterioles and venules.
Arteries:
- Thick, highly elastic muscular walls
- Generally carry oxygen rich blood away from heart and throughout the body (pulmonary arteries are an exception, carry o2 poor blood away from heart to lungs)
- Blood is under high pressure
- Generally buried deep in body, except carotid artery in neck
Veins:
-Thinner, less muscular less elastic walls
- Contains valves, which ensure blood flow one way.
- Carry oxygen deficient blood towards theart (pulmonary veins are the exception, carry oxygen rich blood from the lungs to the heart)
- Blood is under lower pressure
- Located closer to the surface of body
Capillaries:
- Once cell thick
- Allows for gas and nutrient molecules to pass through by diffusion
- Allows for only one RBC to flow through in single file fashion
What are the 3 types of Circulation in the circulatory system
- Pulmonary Circulation ; blood movement between heart and lungs.
- Systemic Circulation ; Blood movement between heart and rest of the body.
- Cardiac Circulation ; Blood movement throughout heart tissue itself.
Components of the blood
- Average 70kg person has 5L of blood
- Plasma (55%)
- White Blood cells and platelets (<1%)
- Red Blood cells (45%)
Plasma:
- Clear yellowish
- 92% water - dissolves and transports
- 7% blood protiens (albumin, globulin, fibrinogen)
- 1% organic and inorganic substances (sodium, potassium. chloride, bicarbonate)
RBC
- Also called erythorcytes
- Disk shaped, no nucleus (cells made in bone marrow) small enough to pass through capillaries
- Contains hemoglobin (iron) and used for oxygen transport
- Life span is 120 days
WBC
- Also called leukocytes
- Used in fighting infection
- Have nucleus and are colourless
- 5 main types (neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, lymphocytes, monocytes)
Platelets
- Also called thrombocytes
- Fragments of longer cells from bone marrow much smaller than RBC
- Do not contain nucleui and breakdown within 7-10 days
- Main function is combining with blood protiens to clot blood.
Blood Types
- Blood types are determained by precense of special antigens (protiens) on surface of RBC
- Rh factor can be + or -, also determained by presence of specefic Rh antigen (protien)
- Antibodies against certain antigens can also be found in certain blood types
- Incompatible blood types agglutinate
Functions of the Blood:
Transports : nutrients, gases, chemicals, wastes
Temp Regulation : warms body thorugh vasoconstriction, cools body thorugh vasodilation
Heartbeat:
- Heart is a mygenic muscle can be activated in absence of external nerves
- Heartbeat tempo set by sinoatrial node and atrioventricular node
- SA node causes atria to contract then AV node sends impulse to purkinjre fibres to make the ventricles contract.
Diagnosis of Heart Conditions
- ECG (electrocardiogram) measures electrical impulses in the heart.
- P wave : SA node fires, ventricles contract and AV valves
- QRS complex : AV node fires, ventricles contract, and AV walves close, "lub"
- T-Wave : ventricles relax semilunar valves close "dub"
Blood pressure
- Changes of blood pressure correlates to phases of hearbeat
- Caused by cardial output and arterial resistance
- Meausured with a sphygmomanometer
- Normal blood pressure is 110-140\70-90
- Top number is Systolic presssure, bottom number is calles diastolic pressure
Cardiac Output and Stroke Volume:
- Cardiac output indicates amount of oxygen deliverd to body
- Cardiac output determined by heart rate and stroke volume or HR x SN
- Carda output depends on persons cardio vascular fitness.
All circulatory Disorders
1. Arteriosclerosis
2. Angioplasty
3. Cornoary Bypass
4. Aneurysm
5. Heart Valve Disease
6. Arhythmia
7. Stroke
Arteriosclerosis (C.S Disease)
- General term term to describe the conditions that cause hardening of the arteries
- Most common type is atherosclerosis (plaque builds up and hardens to cause lower blood flow and higher blood pressure)
- Most dangerious in the arteries that supply the heart, brain, legs, and kidneys
- Prevention includes ; regular exercise, no smoking, eatingh fruits and veggies
- Treatments include ; Asprin to thin the blood, angioplasty or coronary bypass.
Angioplasty
- Insertion of small tube with inflating ballon to force artery to open
Coronary Bypass:
- Involves talking a healthy vein or artery fromi another part of the body and re-route blood flow to bypass the blocked vessel.
- Can be single, double, triple or quaduple bypass, depending on how many new, detours are being made.
Aneurysm:
- A bulge in an artery due to weak arterial wall area
- It can grow until it burts, which may lead to interanl bleeding and\or death
- Treatments ; surgery to replace damaged vessel portion with a pacth of synthetic material.
Heart Valve Disease
- Occurs when valves dont fully close and backwashes occurs, called regurgitation
- If valve gets narrowed, thickend, and or scarred then its called stenosis.
Arrhythmia:
- Irregularity with heartbeat
- May be harmless or can interfere with proiper blood flow to brain or other organs
- Pacemakers may be inserted to monitor, control and correct abnormla rhythm with electrical impulses
Congenital Heart Defectrs
- Heart problems present since birth
- Common ore is heart murmur
Stroke
- Results when blood flow to brain is cut off due to orterial damage.
- Lack of oxygen may lead to paralysis and or deawth
- Ischemic stroke ; clot\blockage is blood vessel
- Hemorrhagic Stroke ; Blood vessel in brain burts
- treatments must begin ASAP clotbuster medication, surgery or non-surgical procedures to prevent damage or death.
Diagnosing C.S disorders
Angiography : Liquid dye injected into artery, then X-ray the flow
Echocardiagram : Ultrasound gives images of heart and its movements
Electrocardiogram : Meusures hearts electrical activity, blood pressure heart rate
Holter Monitor : Records heart rythm over the course of a day.
Disorders Of the Blood
- Hemophilia : Blood clotting disorder
- Anemia : lack of normal RBC or low hemoglobin, or low iron levels
- Leukemia : Cancer of the WBC results in too many WBC which are immature and unable to fight infection, and less RBC which leads to anemia and fatigue