Living Standards
By what year had infant mortality rates halved compared to the rates in 1900?
1922
What percentage of the population were homeowners by 1938?
32%
During the Severe Recession of 1921, until what year did wages for the poorest segment of the population continue to decline?
1934
A survey in 1933 concluded that unemployment benefits were insufficient to provide what?
A minimum diet recommended by the Ministry of Health.
By 1921, approximately how many people were injured in the war?
1.7 million
Between 1920 and 1938, by what fraction did the real cost of living decrease?
1/3
What does the term "Real Income" primarily account for?
The effect of inflation on purchasing power.
What was the estimated housing shortfall by the year 1923?
822,000
The 1936 study by Boyd Orr's Rowett Institute, "Food, health and income," concluded that the average diet was better than before 1914, but what did it mask?
A large variation between different social classes.
Which factor significantly contributed to improved diets during the inter-war years?
Rationing and the 1914 Education (Provision of Meals) Act.
How many people were injured in the war by 1921, leading to over 1 million men receiving disability pensions?
1.7 million
Which institute conducted the critical 1936 study titled "Food, health and income"?
Boyd Orr's Rowett Institute
In which year did a severe recession begin, causing wages for the poorest to fall until 1934?
1921
What was the percentage of the population who were homeowners by 1938?
32%
Besides rationing, what 1914 Act provided meals to poor school children, contributing to improved diets?
Education (Provision of Meals) Act
What was the average number of children per family in 1920, a decrease from 4.6 in 1880?
2.19
Real Income accounts for the effect of what on what can be bought with money earned at a particular time?
Inflation
By 1922, infant mortality had halved from which year?
1900
Name one of the two main types of housing legislation passed during the inter-war period that led to 4 million new homes.
Conservative Housing Acts of 1923/24
What was the approximate housing shortfall by 1923?
822,000 homes
What was a key finding of the 1936 "Food, health and income" study by Boyd Orr's Rowett Institute?
Average diet improved but varied greatly by class.
Which of the following consumer goods was primarily a preserve of the middle class during the 1920s and 1930s?
Electric washing machines
What percentage of homes in the UK had electricity by 1938?
66%
By what year had infant mortality in the UK halved from its 1900 level?
1922
By 1923, what was the approximate housing shortfall in the UK, leading many married couples to live with their parents?
822,000 homes
In a comparison of unemployment rates, what percentage of shipbuilders were unemployed compared to car manufacturers?
62% of shipbuilders, 20% of car makers
In cities like Portsmouth and Hull, how many out of every seven houses were damaged during the war?
2
What was the main financial problem that led to the continuation of rationing after the war?
Britain had been bankrupted by the war
Which government body encouraged the public to "dig for victory" during the war?
The Ministry of Food
What type of housing was quickly and inexpensively built to address homelessness and bombing damage after the war?
Pre-fabricated housing
Approximately how many women were engaged in the war effort according to the notes?
7.1 million
What was the general trend of the standard of living for many during the war, even though health improved?
It declined
What was the percentage of homes with central heating in 1977?
50%
By 1965, what percentage of consumer spending was absorbed by the necessities of food and clothing?
30%
How much did the amount of money spent on advertising increase between 1947 and 1970?
Tripled
By what year did nearly every household own a television?
1970
What was the approximate percentage increase in real disposable income during the 1950s?
30%
The term 'Admass' was coined by J.B. Priestly to describe what aspect of the new consumer society?
A society of mass consumption and advertising.
Based on the provided table, which consumer good experienced the largest percentage point increase in household ownership between 1955 and 1975?
Refrigerator.
According to the notes, how much did spending on consumer goods increase from 1957 to 1960?
From £1 billion to £1.5 billion.
Which event marked the permanent start of the supermarket era in Britain?
Sainsbury's opening in Croydon in 1950.
What was a major consequence of the growth of supermarkets by 1971?
Two-thirds of specialist grocer shops closed down.
Between 1955 and 1975, which consumer good experienced the most significant percentage increase in household ownership?
Refrigerator
Which political party was aided by growing affluence and the availability of consumer goods, leading to victories in the 1955 and 1959 General Elections?
The Conservatives
During which decade did the societal perception of credit shift, with respectability becoming associated with the ability to purchase new goods?
The 1950s
In what year were credit cards first introduced for general use?
1966
Which of the following was a significant problem associated with high-rise flats built in the 1960s?
Many were structurally unsound and prone to dampness.
Which organization was founded in 1966 specifically to address the issue of homelessness in Britain?
Shelter
What was a common criticism leveled against the new towns developed in the 1960s?
They were often considered artificial and lifeless.