ETHICS
The branch of philosophy that deals with what is morally right and wrong.
Ethics
Derived from the Greek word ethos, meaning
character
It guides human behavior through moral principles.
ethics
Helps distinguish right from wrong.
Builds integrity and trust in society.
Guides decisions in personal, social, and professional life.
Importance of ethics
Refers to ____guided by ethical principles.
practical behavior
Refers to practical behavior guided by ethical principles.
Morality
Refers to practical behavior guided by ethical principles.
Morality
Involves values, conscience, and actions based on what one believes is right.
Mortality
History of ethics
Socrates, Plato, Aristotle, and Immanuel Kant
Focused on self-knowledge and virtue.
Socrates
Believed moral goodness leads to happiness.
Plato
Introduced virtue ethics—moral excellence through habit. Developed "Nicomachean" Ethics.
Aristotle
Emphasized duty and moral law (categorical imperative).
Immanuel Kant
Act only according to the rule that you can wish to become a universal law.
Example: Don’t lie because if everyone lied, trust would be impossible.
Kant’s Categorical Imperative
Kant’s Categorical Imperative
Act only according to the rule that you can wish to become a
Universal law
Kohlberg’s Stages of Moral Development
Pre-conventional, Conventional, and Post-Conventional
Based on avoiding punishment or gaining rewards.
Pre-conventional
Based on social approval and law/order.
Conventional
Guided by universal ethical principles beyond laws.
Post-Conventional
True freedom means acting responsibly within moral boundaries.
Freedom is not doing whatever you want—it’s choosing what is right.
Freedom and Morality
True freedom means acting _____ within moral boundaries.
responsibly
is not doing whatever you want—it’s choosing what is right.
Freedom
Language
Beliefs
Values
Norms
Customs and Traditions
Elements of Culture
shapes how people perceive and practice morality.
culture
The idea that moral standards depend on cultural context.
No universal right or wrong; morality varies among societies.
Cultural Relativism
The idea that moral standards depend on
cultural context
Filipino Values in Cultural Context
Hiya (Shame),Pakikisama (Harmony), Utang na Loob (Gratitude), Bayanihan, and Respect for elders
Encourages modesty and respect.
Hiya (Shame)
Promotes good relationships.
Pakikisama (Harmony)
Strengthens social bonds.
Utang na Loob (Gratitude)
Spirit of helping one another.
Bayanihan
Seen as moral obligation.
Respect for Elders
The process of deciding what is right or wrong through logic and ethical principles.
Moral Reasoning
Seven Steps of Moral Reasoning
1. Gather the Facts
2.Determine the Ethical Issues
3. Identify Relevant Virtues/Principles
4. List Alternative Courses of Action
5. Compare Alternatives to Virtues/Principles
6. Consider the Consequences
7. Make a Decision and Justify It
Seven Steps of Moral Reasoning
Ensure you have all the necessary information to make a good decision. This step helps clarify whether the situation is truly an ethical dilemma or a different kind of problem, like one of communication or strategy.
Gather the Facts
Seven Steps of Moral Reasoning
Identify the underlying values, virtues, and competing interests at stake, as these are what create the ethical dilemma.
Determine the Ethical Issues
Seven Steps of Moral Reasoning
Determine the moral values or principles, such as justice, honesty, or compassion, that should guide the decision in this specific situation.
Identify Relevant Virtues/Principles
Brainstorm a range of possible solutions or actions that could be taken to address the dilemma.
List Alternative Courses of Action
Evaluate each alternative course of action to see how well it aligns with the relevant moral virtues and principles identified in step 3.
Compare Alternatives to Virtues/Principles
Analyze the potential positive and negative outcomes or consequences for each alternative course of action, considering all affected parties.
Consider the Consequences
Choose the best alternative based on your analysis of the facts, principles, and consequences, and be prepared to explain the reasoning behind your choice.
Make A Decision and Justify it
A____ is done knowingly, freely, and willingly.
Human Act
An ____ is done without full knowledge or consent (e.g., reflex, sleepwalking).
Act of human
Knowledge, Freedom, Voluntariness
Elements of a Human Act
Awareness of what is being done.
Knowledge
Ability to choose.
Freedom
Willingness to act.
Voluntariness
Ignorance, Passion, Fear, Violence, Habit
Modifiers of Human Acts
Lack of knowledge.
Ignorance
Strong emotions affecting choice.
Passion
Pressure that limits freedom.
Fear
External force acting on a person.
Violence
Repeated acts influencing moral choice.
Habit
A person is morally responsible when he/she acts knowingly and freely.
Moral Responsibility
A person is morally responsible when he/she acts knowingly and freely.
Moral Responsibility
The more deliberate the act, the greater the responsibility.
Moral Responsibility
Identify the Moral Problem, Gather the Facts, Identify the Affected Parties, Consider Alternatives, Evaluate Each Option, Make a Decision, and Act and Reflect
Seven Steps of Moral Reasoning
Recognize what the ethical issue is.
Identify the Moral Problem
Collect accurate information before deciding.
Gather the Facts
Consider who will be helped or harmed.
Identify the Affected Parties
Think of all possible actions or options.
Consider Alternatives
Judge choices using moral principles like justice, honesty, and respect.
Evaluate each option
Choose the most ethical action.
Make a decision
Carry out your decision and think about its outcome
Act and Reflect