Theory of evolution
What theory did Aristole have about evolution
emphasized observational analysis and proposed a linear arrangement of life forms known as Scala Naturae
what is the argument from design
proposes that the complexity and functionality of living organisms and the naturel world imply the existence of a designer understood to be a divine creator
what is natural theology
a classification system based on the similarities among organisms, believing these reflected divine organization
how did Georges Cuvier establish extinction as a fact
he identified numerous species from fossils not present today
what did reseachers find that suggested long timescales of geological processes
sedimentary rock formations and fossil evidence
christianity introduced the idea of
that the earth was young
Extinction challenges the idea that the earth flora and fauna have been
constant
Lamarck first proposed what theory about evolution
suggested that complex species emerged from simpler ones over time through a mechanism of inhertited acquired characters
why is Lamarcks theory wrong
because he suggested that organisms could pass on traits that they acquired during their lifetime to their offspring. this does not aligne with the principles of genetics
what is the order of theories about evolution
aristotle, argument from design, classing organisms based on similarities, a youg earth
what did Darwin experience and observations reinforce
that existing species were often distinct yet similar across different environments, suggesting a process of change rather than fixity.
what central findings did darwin gather
unique finch species on different islands that were closely related to South American finches
Dawrin found that the fauna of turtles on different islands
had striking variations in shells morphology
after his experience darwin was struck byt the fact that...
species on different islands in similar habitats were sometimes distinct, the fauna and flora of different continent were different even in similar habitats, some plants resembled other
After his findings Datwin concluded that...
his observations were inconsistent with creationism
by the voyages home Darwin concluded that
the earth is very old, the geological patterns were a result of a slow ongoing process on long periods of time, and species are not fixed but rather change
Darwin and Wallace both concluded what about evolution
all species are connected through descent with modification, meaning species evolve from common ancestors through a gradual process.
what is naturel selection
the primary mechanism for evolution, where traits that enhance survival and reproduction become more common in succeeding generations
what is evolution
a change in a heritable charater/ allele frequency in a population over time.
V ou F populations evolve, individuals don't
V
Darwins descent with modification theory reasoned that
all species are connected with one another because they have evolved from one or a few common ancestors
what is homology
similarities due to a common ancestor. EX. the hand of a man, leg of a horse, paddle of a whale and wing of a bat all have similar bone structore.
what is developmental homology
similar traits present in different species at a particular stage of their development. EX. chicken and human embryo both has a tail
what are all the evidences of common decent
homolgy, vestigial structores, fossils and biogeography
what are vestigial structures
remnants of structores that served a function in an ancestor.
how were fossil important for evidence of common descent
demonstated the fact of extinction, fossils help explain descent with modificatio, should include transitional species
what is biogeography
living species are similar to other geographically nearby. species that resemble eachother tend to be clustered in time and space
what were Darwins two main insights
descend with modification and naturel selection
what is experimentale evolution
a scientific approach that involves manipulating living and/or non-living conditions in controlled environments to study the evolutionary outcomes in replicate populations over time
naturel selection occurs whe certain conditons are met therefore is
deductive reasoning
what must be met for naturel selection to happen
individual must vary in traits, the trait helps them survive compared to others in the population, the trait is heritable therefore can evolve
what is artificial selection
when humans cause naturel selection
what was Darwins evidence for natural selection
deductive reasoning, consistant the fact that organisms are well suited to survive and an analogy with artifical selection
what is fitness in bio
the ability of an idividual to contribute to the next generation
F ou V naturel selection is not goal driven no progressive
vrai
natruel selection is just
a process that occurs when certain conditions are met
no organism is higher or lower than another
just different
Natruel selection does not act for the good of the species
it can favour traits that are detrimental for the population of the species
a misconception about evolution is that
natruel selection does not result in perfection