Chapter 19 blood
blood
liqud connective tissue consisting of cells surrounded by liquid matrix (plasma)
Blood
metallic taste, scarlet to dark red, 38 C, approx 8%, 5-6L males, 4-5L females
Buffy Coat
WBC, about 1 percent of blood, contains the components of immune infection
Blood plasma
91.5% of water and 8.5% solutes which most are proteins
Albumin proteins (plasma)
largest amount of protein in plasma
helps maintain osmotic pressure; important factor in exchange of fluids across blood capillary walls
Albumin protein
Globulin protein (plasma)
produce immunoglobulins
immunoglobulin help attack viruses and bacteria
Globulin protein
transports iron, lipids and fat-soluble vitamins
alpha and beta globulins
fibrinogen protein (plasma)
plays essential role in blood clottng
RBCs
erythrocytes
transport O2 from lungs to body tissues and CO2 from body tissue to lungs
RBCs
WBC (formed elements)
leukocytes
protects the body from pathogens and foreign substances
WBC (formed element)
platelets (formed element)
cell fragments that release chemicals to promote blood clotting
Serum
yellowish liquid
blood plasma minus the clotting factors
Serum
hematocrit
percentage of RBCs out of total blood volume
hemopoiesis (hematopoisiesis)
process by which the formed elements of blood is developed
Hemocytoblasts
pluripotent stem cells found in red blood marrow that forms blood cells
RBC (erythrocytes)
contain the oyxgen-protein hemoglobin which gives the blood the red color
Biconcave discs
shape of RBCs (no nuclues) which allows them to carry O2 more efficiently
Reticulocytes
immature RBCs-mature in 1 to 2 days
heme (structure of hemoglobin)
nonprotein pigment that is attached to each polypeptide chain and an iron ion in the center of each heme
Globin (hemoglobin structure)
has 4 polypeptide chains (2 alpha, 2 beta)
Iron ions (hemoglobin structure)
in the center of a heme
binds reversibly to an O2 molecule which allows each hemoglobin molecule to bind 4 O2 molecules
Iron ions (hemoglobin structure)
Hemoglobin
major function to carry O2 to cells and CO2 to lungs
consist of a protein globin
hemoglobin
involved in regulating blood flow and BP via the release of nitric oxide which causes vasodilation
Hemoglobin
Erythopoietin
hormone released by the kidneys in response to hypoxia, stimulates differentiation of hematopoietic stem cells into erythocytes
only survives only to 5 to 9 days
platelets
Megakaryocytes
located in red bone marrow that splinters into 2000-3000 fragments to create platelets that contain many vesicles but no nucleus
Cord-blood transplant
stem celss are collected and frozen from an umbilical cord after birth and used later if needed
Hemorrhage
large loss of blood from blood vessels
Hemostasis
stops bleeding
1. vasscular spasm 2. platelet plug formation 3. blood clotting (coagulation)
hemostasis
Tissue Factor (thromboplastin)
a tissue protein leaks into the blood from cells outside the blood vessel and begins the formation of prothrobinase
Intrinsic Pathway
activators are present inside the blood and outside tissue damage is not needed-platelet phospholipids, Ca2+, and clotting factors lead to prothrombinase formation
formation of prothrombinase in both extrinsic pathway and intrinsic pathway
common pathway
Vitamin K
needed for normal clot formation bc it is used in synthesis of 4 clotting factors
fat-sluble vitamin produce in large intestine by bacteria
Vitamin K
Anemia
blood has abnormally low-oxygen carrying capacity, s/s fatigue, paleness, SOB, chills
Unvierasl recipient
AB group-can receive all blood types w/o negative reaction
Universal Donor
O group
Neurophils (WBC)
"bacteria slayer"
first WBC to respond during an inflammatory process chemical use to destroy pathgen
Neutrophils (WBC)
releases lysozyme, defensin, strong oxidants to destroy pathogen
Neutrophils (WBC)
Eosinophils (WBC)
attacks parasitic worms
enter tissue and release enzymes such as histamine; high account in allergic conditions and parasistic infections
Eosinophils
Basophils (WBC)
involved in hypersensitivity and allergic reacions
enters site of inflammation and release granules that contain histamine, heparin, and serotonin which intesifies the inflammatory reaction
Basophils (WBC)
Lymphpcytes (WBC)
major pathogen fighters in lympathetic system
B cells (lymphocytes)
effective in bateria destruction and inactivating their toxins
T cells (lymphocytes)
attack infected body and tumor cells
Natural killer cells (lymphocytes)
attack infected body cells and tumor cells
high count indicates viral infection
Lymphocytes (WBC)
Monocytes (WBC)
arrrives later than neutrophils in infection, but destroys more microbes
wandering macrophages that cleans up debris and microbes by phagocytes
Monocytes (WBC)
high count indicates viral or fungal infections such as TB
Monocytes (WBC)
Fibrin
major protein of blood clot
Thrombus
the clot in an unbroken blood vessel
Embolus
when a thrombus becomes dislodged and swept away by bloodstream
Pulmonary emboli
can impair the ability of the body to obtain O2
Cerebral emboli
can cause strokes
anticoagulants
substances in blood that delay, suppress, or prevent blood clot such as heparin
Antigens
glycoprotein and glycolipid found on the surface of RBC
how blood is characterized depending on its absence or presence
antigens
Labeled A, B, AB, O
antigens
Antibodies
reacts with A or B antigens called anti-A antibodies and anti B antibodies
ABO group A
classificatio is based on antigens labeled A, B, or AB with O being absence of the A and B antigens
Rh group
antigen present in 85% of humans; individual presentsthe Rh antigen is said to be Rh+
hemmorrhagic anemia
result of acute or chronic loss of blood
hemolytic anemia
prematurely ruptured RBCs
Aplastic anemia
destruction or inhibition of red bone marrow
Iron-deficiency anemia
secondary result of hemorrhagic anemia; inadequate intake of iron; impaire iron absorption
Pernicious anemia
deficiency of Vit B12; lacks intrinsic factor that absorbs Vit B12
Sickle-Cell disease
gentic anemia; indvidual w/ this disease contain Hemoglobin-S (HB-S)
Hemolytic disease in Newborns
transferred anti-Rh antibodies from mother to fetus will attack some of fetus' RBCs causing agglutination and hemolysis
RhoGram (drug)
given to Rh- patients before and after delivery; destroys any Rh+ cells from the baby before the mother's immune sytem can become sensitive to it
1. Globin & heme separate 2. Globin turns into amino acids 3. Iron is removed from heme portion and attaches to TRANSFERRIN. 4. In muscle fibers, liver and spleen, the iron detaches from TRANSFERRIN and attaches to protein FERRITIN. 5. Iron transferred to red bone marrow to produce new RBCs 6. Heme downgraded to yellow pigment called BILIRUBIN. 7. BILIRUBIN goes to liver, then intestine, secreted as BILE. 8. Intenstines metabolize BILE to UROBILINOGEN. 9. UROBILINOGEN leaves body in urine called UROBLIN and in feces called STERCOBLIN.
Erythocytes (destruction and recycling)