emotional development
Which of the following statements about basic and complex emotions are true? Select all that apply.
Basic emotions are experienced by all humans and have distinct features.
Guilt and shame are examples of complex emotions.
Basic emotions include happiness, anger, and fear.
According to the dynamic systems theory of emotion, which of the following statements are correct? Select all that apply.
Components of emotions develop independently with different developmental trajectories.
The outcome of self-organization in a dynamic system is called an attractor state.
Self-organization in emotions is context-dependent.
Which statements provide evidence for the universality of emotional expressions? Select all that apply.
Congenitally blind people produce similar spontaneous emotional facial expressions as sighted people.
Ekman & Friesen's study in New Guinea found that isolated tribes could recognize emotions in pictures similar to Westerners.
Infants can discriminate between facial emotional expressions at 5 months old.
Which of the following are findings from research on emotional recognition in infants? Select all that apply.
Five-month-old infants can discriminate between sadness and disgust.
Infants can discriminate between happiness and surprise.
Five-month-old infants fail to show sensitivity to the categorical boundary between anger and disgust.
Infants can distinguish between sadness and anger.
Which statements about emotion regulation strategies are supported by research? Select all that apply.
Attention focus involves shifting attention away from an upsetting event.
Older participants report less use of suppression over time.
Adolescents use a variety of emotion regulation strategies, including adaptive and maladaptive strategies.
Which of the following statements about emotional understanding and the role of social cues are correct? Select all that apply.
Infants use caregivers' emotional signals to guide their behavior in uncertain situations.
The Test of Emotion Comprehension (TEC) supports the understanding of emotion in children aged 3 to 10 years.
Emotional comprehension involves recognizing, naming, and understanding external causes of emotions.
Which of the following statements about empathy development are true? Select all that apply.
Empathic processes are automatically elicited but shaped by top-down control processes.
Attachment is related to the development of empathy.
Which statements about emotion regulation strategies are supported by research? Select all that apply.
Attention focus involves shifting attention away from an upsetting event.
Older participants report less use of suppression over time.
Adolescents use a variety of emotion regulation strategies, including adaptive and maladaptive strategies.
Which of the following statements about the development of emotion regulation are true? Select all that apply.
There is evidence of emotion-specific use of regulation strategies.
Expressive suppression increases for sadness and fear but not for anger during adolescence.
Adolescents at age 15 report less use of emotion regulation strategies compared to other age groups.
Which statements about the specificity of emotional expressions in infants are correct? Select all that apply.
Infants showed a variety of facial expressions in response to different situations.
Joy expressions were the most common in response to tickling.
Surprise expressions were most common in response to the jack-in-the-box.
Which statements about the development of emotional recognition are supported by research? Select all that apply.
Recognition of low-intensity emotional expressions follows a slower developmental trajectory.
Vocal emotion recognition continues to develop into late childhood.
Children's ability to recognize emotions improves steadily from 3 to 11 years old.
Which of the following statements about the development of emotion regulation are true? Select all that apply.
There is evidence of emotion-specific use of regulation strategies.
Expressive suppression increases for sadness and fear but not for anger during adolescence.
Adolescents at age 15 report less use of emotion regulation strategies compared to other age groups.
Which statements about emotional comprehension development between ages 3 and 11 are correct? Select all that apply.
Understanding of situational causes of emotions is developed by age 5.
Understanding that emotions are connected to desires and beliefs develops around age 7.
The ability to recognize conflicting emotions develops by age 9.
Significant improvement in emotional comprehension is seen in all components between ages 3 and 11.
Which of the following statements about facial expressions in unborn fetuses are correct? Select all that apply.
Fetuses produce a variety of facial expressions, including smiles and pain expressions, during non-painful ultrasounds.
Findings for prenatal facial expressions align with the dynamic systems view of emotional development.
The production of facial expressions in fetuses suggests an innate basis for emotional expression.
Which statements about the role of visual experience in the production of emotional facial expressions are correct? Select all that apply.
Congenitally blind people produce spontaneous emotional facial expressions similar to those of sighted people.
The lack of visual experience affects the ability to produce voluntary emotional expressions.
Congenitally blind people’s spontaneous expressions suggest that some aspects of emotional expression are innate.
Given the principles of dynamic systems theory, which of the following scenarios best illustrates the concept of self-organization in emotional development? Select all that apply.
A child learns to manage fear through repeated exposure to non-threatening situations, leading to a more flexible emotional response over time.
Two siblings develop different emotional responses to the same situation due to their unique experiences and interactions with their environment.
Based on Ekman & Friesen's (1971) study in New Guinea, how might you expect an isolated tribe with no exposure to Western media to respond to a set of emotional facial expressions from Western cultures? Select all that apply.
They would recognize basic emotions such as happiness, anger, and fear.
They might have difficulty distinguishing between complex emotions like guilt or shame.
Considering the findings on emotional recognition in infants, which of the following strategies could parents use to help their 5-month-old infant develop better emotional recognition? Select all that apply.
Show the infant pictures of different facial expressions while naming the emotions.
Expose the infant to varied social interactions to observe different emotional expressions.
Regularly engage in activities that produce clear and distinct emotional reactions, such as playing peekaboo or using a jack-in-the-box.
Use toys that morph facial expressions to highlight differences in emotions.
How can caregivers effectively use social cues to help a 12-month-old child navigate a potentially threatening situation, based on Vaish & Striano's (2004) findings? Select all that apply.
Use positive vocal cues alone to reassure the child.
Use a combination of facial and vocal cues to guide the child's behavior.
Provide consistent and clear emotional signals to help the child understand the situation.
Which activities might parents and educators use to foster empathy development in children, considering the interaction between attachment and empathy? Select all that apply.
Encouraging children to discuss and share their feelings and experiences.
Modeling empathetic behavior in everyday interactions.
Providing opportunities for children to care for pets or younger siblings.
Using stories and role-playing exercises to explore different perspectives and emotions.
Based on Cracco et al.'s (2017) findings on emotion regulation strategies in adolescents, which interventions would likely be most effective for helping teenagers develop adaptive emotion regulation skills? Select all that apply.
Teaching problem-solving skills and encouraging their use in real-life situations.
Encouraging the use of humor to reframe stressful events.
Providing support for cognitive reappraisal to reinterpret challenging situations.
How can educators support the development of emotional comprehension in children between the ages of 3 and 11, according to Pons et al. (2004)? Select all that apply.
Use age-appropriate discussions about how external events influence emotions.
Encourage children to talk about their desires and how they relate to their feelings.
Teach children to recognize and label their emotions accurately.
Provide scenarios where children can practice understanding mixed emotions.
How might understanding the research on emotional expressions in different cultures and among congenitally blind individuals inform cross-cultural communication practices? Select all that apply.
Emphasizing the importance of universal expressions like happiness and sadness in communication.
Recognizing that voluntary emotional expressions might be misunderstood across cultures.
Being aware that spontaneous emotional expressions are more likely to be understood universally.
Using both facial and vocal cues to enhance emotional communication across cultures.
Which of the following strategies would likely help adolescents develop more effective emotion regulation skills based on Zimmerman and Iwanski's (2014) findings? Select all that apply.
Encouraging the expression of emotions rather than suppression.
Teaching adolescents to seek social support when feeling sad or afraid.
Using mindfulness practices to help adolescents manage their emotional responses.
Helping adolescents understand and articulate their emotions through journaling.
In the study by Bennet et al. (2002), which ACTUAL result was evidence AGAINST the discrete emotions perspective?
Infants respond most commonly with surprise to a masked stranger, a Jack-in-the-box and arm restraint.
The finding that South Fore people who had not been exposed to Western media were able to correctly identify facial expressions from pictures of Westerners is evidence FOR which theoretical perspective?
Discrete Emotion Perspective.
In a research design similar to the one used by Bennet et al. (2002) (specificity of emotions in infancy), which of these HYPOTHETICAL results would have been evidence FOR the discrete emotion perspective?
Infants most commonly respond with surprise to a Jack-in-the-box, anger to arm restraint, and fear to a masked stranger.
Which statement is TRUE?
5-month-old infants can discriminate between different emotions of the same valence.