pe paper 1
what are the 6 main functions of the skeletal system
protection
blood cell production
mineral storage
structural shape
muscle attachment
joints for movement
what are tendons
connecive tissues that join muscle to bone . when the muscle contracts the tendon pulls the bone to allow movement
what are ligaments
ligaments are connective tissues that join bone to bone . their main role is to stabilise the joint and keep it together.
what are the 5 sections of the vertebral column in order (top to bottom)
cervical
thoracic
lumbar
sacrum
coccyx
why is the skeletal system important for blood cell production
bones have stem cells in the marrow that differentiate into blood cells producing red blood cells that carry oxygen to working muscles, white blood cells that fighg infection and platelets which perform blood clotting
why is blood important during sport
red blood cells provide muscles with oxygen to produce energy
platelets prevent major blood loss if an athlete cuts themselves in a sporting accident
why is the skeletal system important for muscle attachment
bones provide a surface for muscles to attach via tendons
why is the skeletal system important for structural shape
a combination of fused and unfused bones allows the body to be stable while also moving at particular joints
why is the skeletal system important for mineral storage
bones store minerals such as calcium and phosphorus which are important for growth and development
what is calcium needed for
bone density- reduces risk of bone injuries in sports
why is the skeletal system important for protection
bones protect internal organs from injury eg. ribs protect lungs and heart, cranium protects brain
why is the skeletal system important for movement
the structure and type of different bones determine the movement at a point where they meet (a joint) eg. ball and socket joints allow greater movement than hinge joints
what are the 4 types of bone
long
short
flat
irregular
what are long bones + examples
primarily used for leverage - muscles pull on these bones when they contract allowing movement to occur . eg femur , humerus , ulna , radius, tibia, fibula
what are short bones for + examples
support us in physical activity by bearing weight eg. carpals and tarsals
what are flat bones for + examples
protecting internal organs and muscle attachment
eg. ribs and cranium
what are irregular bones for
vary in shape , have a role in protection and muscle attachment eg, vertebral column
what are the 4 types of joint
pivot
hinge
ball-and-socket
condyloid
characteristics of cardiac muscle
found in the heart, not under conscious control, allows heart to beat with a continuous rhythm, allows blood to pump around the body even in sleep, very resistant to fatigue, high number of mitochondria, good blood supply (role in sport: ensures ocygen demand of the body is meg)
characteristics of voluntary muscle
under conscious control, used for movement, all major muscles in the body are under voluntary control, can become fatigued, can be fast twitch or slow twitch. (role in sport: responsible for moving the body in order to perform skills)
characteristics of involuntary muscle
not under conscious control, control our internal organs, important for bodily functions, assists digestion and breathing, allow vital processes to occur at night during sleep (role in sport: responsible for breathing in order to exercise)
what are muscle fibres
individual specialised cells that make up your muscles
what are the 3 types of muscle fibres
type I
type IIa
type IIx
what are the features of Type I muscle fibres
red in colour
aka: slow twitch muscle fibres
dense supply of mitochondria
aerobic respiration
dense supply of myoglobin
dont fatigue easily
what are the features of type IIa muscle fibres
pink/ light red
aka- fast oxidative muscle fibres
dense supply of mitochondria
aerobic and anaerobic respiration
high density of myoglobin
dont fatigue easily
fast and strong contractions
features of type IIx muscle fibres
white in colour
aka: fast glycotic muscle fibres
low density of mitochondria
anaerobic respiration
low density of myoglobin
easily fatigued
fast and strong contractions
what does dense myoglobin content help with
it means the muscle can store more oxygen during aerobic respiration meaning they dont fatigue easily
importance in sport: type I muscle fibres
- dense myoglobin content means more oxygen can be stored in aerobic respiration
- means they dont fatigue as easily and are suited for endurance based athletes
- dont enable quick powerful contractions eg. marathon runner may not be a good sprinter
importance in sport: type IIa muscle fibres
- high density of myoglobin for aerobic respiration however can also use anaerobic respiration
- can produce fast contractions
- beneficial for a footballer who will need to go through intervals of high intensity sprints and low intensity jogging
importance in sport: type IIx fibres
- low myoglobin and mitochondria
- less oxygen stores
- anaerobic respiration
- fast powerful contractions great for sprint athletes
- fatigue quickly due to lack of oxygen
agonist
the muscle within the pair working to facilitate the movement by contracting
antagonist
facilitated given movement by relaxing so the other muscle can contract
4 examples of antagonistic muscle pairs
elbow- bicep and tricep
hip- hip flexors and gluteus maximus
knee- hamstrings and quadriceps
ankle- gastrocnemius and tibialis anterior
which muscle is the agonist in flexiom at the hip
hip flexors
which muscle is the agonist in extension at the hip
gluteus maximus
which muscle is the agonist in flexion at the knee
hamstring
which muscle is the agonist in extension at the knee
quadriceps
which muscle is the agonist in plantar flexion at the ankle
gastrocnemius
which muscle is the agonist in dorsiflexion at the ankle
tibialis anterior
what are the 5 functions of the cardiovascular system in sport
- regulation of body temperature
- clotting of wounds
- transport of oxygen
- transport of carbon dioxide
- transport of nutrients
what are platelets for
- responsible for clotting open wounds
- prevent major blood loss when wounds occur as a result of accidents in sport or physical activity
what is plasma for
- all of the blood cells are suspended in the plasma
- allows blood cells to move around the body
- plays a role in temperature regulation
what are white blood cells for
- form part of the immune response
- respond when foreign cells such as viruses enter the body
-help to maintain health
what are red blood cells for
- contain haemoglobin
- oxygen combines with haemoglobin in order to be transported to working muscles
- carbon dioxide combines with haemoglobin in order to be removed from the body
7 steps of the cardiac cycle
- deoxygebated blood flows into the right atrium through the vena cava
- blood passes into the right ventricle as the tricuspid valve opens
- right ventricle contracts forcing blood out of the heart to the lungs through the left pulmonary artery (pulmonary semi lunar valve opens then closes)
- at the lungs gaseous exchange occurs due to alveoli and the blood is now oxygenated
- oxygenated blood is transported to the left atrium via pulmonary vein
- blood then flows into the left ventricle (bicuspid valve opens then closes)
- blood is pumped out of the heart and transported to the body via the aorta (aortic semi lunar valve opens then closes)
why do valves open and close im the heart
they open due to pressure of the blood and they close to prevent backflow
how does the cardiovascular system regulate body temperature
when exercising body temp increases, this can be controlled by increasing blood flow to the skin where heat can be lost to the atmosphere
how does the cardiovascular system support clotting of wounds
if an athlete is cut during a competition platelets will clot the wound so major blood loss does not occur
how does the cardiovascular system transport oxygen
oxygen is transported by red blood cells to working muscles where its required to produce energy for contractions
how does the cardiovascular system transport carbon dioxide
carbon dioxide that is produced during exercise is transported in the blood by red blood cells. transported to the lungs where it can be removed
how does the cardiovascular system transport nutrients
nutrients are transported around the body in the blood
they are required for different functions such as providing energy (carbohydrates) and muscle growth (proteins)
function of arteries during physical activity
carries oxygenated blood under high pressure to working muscles
function of capillaries during physical activity
site for gas exchange between cardiovascular system and working muscles and lungs
function of veins during physical activity
carries deoxygenated blood under low pressure back to the heart
which type of blood vessel has valves to prevent backflow
veins
why do arteries have thick walls
to withstand high blood pressure and allow vasodilation and vasoconstriction to occur
why do capillaries have thin walls
so that oxygen and carbon dioxide can easily diffuse
why do veins have thin walls
the deoxygenated blood returning to the heart doesnt need to be under high pressure
why do arteries have a small diameter
to elevate blood pressure
why do veins have a large diameter
to carry large volumes of blood back to the heart
what is blood redistribution during exercise
- blood is redistributed so more blood goes to working muscles and less to internal organs
- this is known as vascular shunting
- this occurs by the arteries smooth muscle layer either contracting (vasoconstriction) to reduce blood flow to a certain area or widening (vasodilation) to increase blood flow to a certain area such as working muscles
composition of inhaled air
79% nitrogen
21% oxygen
0.04% carbon dioxide
composition of exhaled air
79% nitrogen
16% oxygen
4% carbon dioxide
tidal volume
normal amount of air inspired/expired
vital capacity
largest volume of air that can be forcibly expired following largest inspiration