Bio 11U Unit 5: Plants!
Define meristem
Regions of active cell division in plants, leading to growth in length (apical meristems) or girth (lateral meristems)
Define xylem
Tissue responsible for transporting water and minerals from roots to other parts of the plant
Define phloem
Tissue that carries sugars and other organic nutrients throughout the plant
Define stomata
Small openings on the surface of leaves that allow gas exchange (CO2 in, O2 out) and transpiration
Define chloroplast
Organelles in plant cells where photosynthesis occurs, containing chlorophyll
Define guard cells
specialized cells surrounding stomata that control their opening and closing
Define Angiosperm
Flowering plants that produce seeds encloesd within a fruit
Define Gymnosperm
Non-flowering plants (like conifers) that produce seeds exposed on cones
Define pollination
The transfer of pollen from male to female reproductive organs inplants, facilitating fertilization
Define fertilization
The union of male and female gametes to form a zygote, leading to seed development
Define Endosperm
A nutrient-rich tissue that supports the developing embryo in seeds.
Define fruit
Mature ovary of a flower, typically containing seeds, and aids in thir dispersal.
Define seed dispersal
The movement or transport of seeds away from the parent plant, ensuring species spread
Define germination
The process by which a seed develops into a new plant under favorable conditions
Define bryophytes
Non-vascular plants like mosses, liverworts, and hornworts. Among the earliest land plants.
Define Pteridophytes
Vascular plants like ferns that reproduce via spores and don't produce seeds
Define Gymnosperms
Seed-producing plants that do not form flowers (e.g., conifers like pine trees). Seeds are "naked" or not enclosed in fruit.
Defnine angiosperms
Flowering plants with seeds enclosed in fruit. They're the most diverse and recent group of plants.
Define Vascular tissue
Specialized tissue (xylem and phloem) that transports water, minerals, and nutrients. Vascular plants evolved this tissue to grow taller and survive on land.
Define spores
Single reproductive cells capable of growing into a new organism without another cell - common in mosses and ferns.
Define seeds
A plant embryo and a food supply encased in a protective covering. A key evolutionary advancement in gymnosperms and angiosperms.
Define cuticle
A waxy layer on surfaces that helps prevent water loss - one of the early adaptations to life on land.
Definition/Function: parenchyma
thin walled cells, living at maturity, hosts cellular processes to support, growth, and development, and stores carbohydrates, especially starch
Definition/Function: Collenchyma
Thick walled cells, living at maturity, cellular processes to support, growth, and development, support and protect plant body
Definition/Function: Schlerenchyma
Cells with lignin in their cell walls, dead at maturity, support and protect plant body
all 3 expected macronutrients?
Nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium
monocots: seeds, leaves, flowers, stems, and roots
seeds: single cotyledon
leaves: parallel veins
flowers: multiples of 3
stems: scattered vein pattern
roots: fibrous
Dicots: seeds, leaves, flowers, stems, roots
seeds: two cotyledons
leaves: webbed/branched veins
flowers: multiples of 4-5
stems: ring arrangement
roots: taproot
Define epiphytes
grow on other plants and live entirely above ground
Name of most common photopigments?
Chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b. yes the names sound dumb.
Functions of leaves?
Photosynthesis, gas exchange, storage, & protection
main difference between monocot/dicot leaf in parenchyma arrangement?
Dicot has palisade parenchyma!
Function of roots?
Keep a plant upright/anchor it, Absorb water and nutrients, potential storage, and erosion control
Define Taproot
root system composed of a large, thick root which grows downward, pushes deep into soil. both gymnosperms and angiosperms have taproots.
Define lateral root
smaller root that ranches from a large root. tend to be shallower and are present in monocots.
monocot/dicot root difference?
Dicot got a big ahh X in the middle of the vascular bundle!
Herbacious vs. Woody stem?
green, fleshy stemmed plants that have a thinner epidermis and will have the ability to do photosynthesis vs Stems composed of wood w/ zero photosynthesis.
main cross section difference in dicot woody vs dicot herbacious?
we got a thicker vascular cambium on the woody vs thinner/little to no annual growth on the herbacious.
Dicot vs. Monocot: which has vascular cambium?
Dicot! Good rule of thumb: Dicot is usually if not ALWAYS a more complicated structure!
Sapwood definition?
Younger Xylem through which water and minerals are transported to the leaves.
Heartwood definition
Older xylem layers that no longer conduct water but are rather rigid and help support the tree.
Gymnsperms: Xylem tissue cell type
Tracheids!
Gymnosperms: Phloem tissue cell type
sieve cells
Angio sperms: Xylem tissue cell types
Tracheids, vessel elements
Angiosperms Phloem tissue cells types
Sieve tube elements, Companion cells
Diffusion definition
The net movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration (passive transport)
Osmosis definition
Is a passive movement of WATER that occurs naturally with the concentration gradient (passive transport)
Active transport definition
energy is needed to move articles across the cell membrane - goes against the concentration gradient
transpiration definition
The process in which water evaporates from the inside of a leaf to the outside through the stomata
Root pressure definition
The mechanism by which positive pressure in the roots moves water upward in a plant
Root pressure PROCESS
Active transport of minerals into the roots causes more water to move in by osmosis. this increases the pressure in the roots as per the name and shoots water up.
Transpiration pull process!
hydrogen bonding to evaporating bits aid in the long distance transport: strongest force!
Cohesion: definition
the attraction of one water molecule to another
Adhesion: definition
The attraction of one water molecule to something other than a water molecule
Translocation: definition (I don't expect you to know this)
The transport of sucrose and otehr organic molecules through the phloem of a plant
Define petiole
The stalk that joins a leaf to a stem
Asexual reproductive structures?
Rhizomes, Corms, Stolon, tubers/"eyes" of tubers
Asexual reproduction benefits
if favorable traits offspring will carry, less energy usage, only one plant required, plantlets are generally more robust than young seedlings, higher survival rate
Flower's reproductive parts vs non-reproductive parts
reproductive: Stamen/male (Anther = tip, Filament = stalk) Carpel/female (Stigma = tip, Style = stalk, ovary = bottom, ovule = inside ovary, reproductive structure housing)
Non-reproductive: petal, receptacle, peduncle, sepal
Primary growth vs secondary growth
primary: length of the plant's shoot/root, apical meristem growth
secondary: addition to girth, lateral meristem, vascular cambium and wood
Light's factors that affect growth
quality (wavelengths)
intensity (brightness)
length of day (photoperiodism)
Nutrient's factors that affect growth
Nitrogen - stunned growth,yellowing of the leaves (chlorosis)
Phosphorus - purplish veins, stunted growth, fewer seeds/fruit
Potassium - reduced growth, curled/spotted older leaves, burned leaf edges
Temperature's factors that affect growth
if temperature isn't optimal, the plant will slow its growth.
Plant growth regulator definition
chemical produced by plant cells that regulatese growth and differentiation
Tropism definition
a change in direction of growth or movement of a plant in response to a stimulus
Different types of tropism (3 of them!)
Phototropism: change in the direction of growth of a plant in response to light
Gravitropism: change in the direction of growth in response to gravity
Thigmotropism: change in the direction of growth in response to contact
Auxins definition
Chemical that stimulates cells to elongate, inhibit/stimulate cell division
Gibberelins definition
play a role in flowering and fruit production
Cytokinins definition
promote cell division and also slow cell aging in certain plant organs by inhibiting protein breaking down and stimulating protein synthesis
Ethlyne definition
influences fruit ripening, shoot and root growth and diffeerntiation, flower opening, leaf and fruit drop, and flower and leaf senescence (development processes that occur between maturity and death)
Abscisic acid definition
Inhibits growth and diffuses into the guard cells which causes them to close (minimizes water loss)