blood
*Functions of blood:
1) to carry nutrients, gases, & wastes
2) to maintain a proper internal environment
3) to protect organisms from disease
Blood separates into two main parts:
Liquid (plasma) and formed elements (cells).
____________ accounts for 55% and formed elements (cells) 45% of blood volume.
Plasma
= the percentage of blood that is cells (average for young man is 42)
Hematocrit
A. The plasma (liquid part of the blood)
- Plasma contains mostly water (90–92%) and plasma proteins (7–8%), but it also contains nutrients and wastes.
- ___________ is a large plasma protein that transports bilirubin; ___________ are plasma proteins that transport lipoproteins
- Albumin
- globulins
The Formed elements in the blood
1.The Red Blood Cells
2.The White Blood Cells
3.The Platelets and Blood Clotting
- ____________ are “biconcave” cells that are made in the red bone marrow (e.g red marrow of skull, ribs, vertebrae, and the ends of long bones).
- Normally there are 4 to 6 million RBCs per mm3 of whole blood.
Red blood cells (erythrocytes or RBCs)
-Red blood cells contain the pigment _________ for oxygen transport; hemogobin contains heme, a complex iron-containing group that transports oxygen in the blood.
- The mature Red blood cells lack a nucleus and have a 120 day life span.
- When worn out, the red blood cells are dismantled in the liver and spleen.
hemoglobin
-_______ is reused by the red bone marrow where stem cells continually produce more red blood cells; the remainder of the heme portion undergoes chemical degradation and is excreted as bile pigments into the bile.
Iron
- Lack of enough hemoglobin results in
anemia.
- The kidneys produce the hormone ____________ to increase blood cell production when oxygen levels are low.
- Anemia- deficiency or decrease number of normal RBCs;
erythropoietin
have nuclei, are larger but fewer in number than RBCs, with 5,000 – 10,000 cells per mm3, and defend against disease.
White blood cells (leukocytes)
Leukocytes are divided into _________ and ________ based on appearance.
granular and agranular
- contain enzymes and proteins that defend the body against microbes.
1.Granular leukocytes
Granular leukocytes ______________________contain enzymes and proteins that defend the body against microbes.
neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils
- have a spherical or kidney-shaped nucleus.
agranular leukocytes
The agranular leukocytes _____________________have a spherical or kidney-shaped nucleus.
(monocytes and lymphocytes)
can differentiate into macrophages that phagocytize microbes and stimulate other cells to defend the body.
Monocytes
- it protect the body through phagocytes (eating up microbes and other offending agents)
- attact the invading cytosis
macrophages
are involved in immunity since it produces the antibodies.
Lymphocytes
is an abnormal proliferation of white blood cells.
Leukemia
- Red bone marrow produces large cells called ____________that fragment into platelets at a rate of 200 billion per day; blood contains 150,000–300,000 platelets per mm3.
- Twelve clotting factors in the blood help platelets form blood clots.
The Platelets and Blood Clotting (thrombocytes)
- megakaryocytes
is an inherited clotting disorder due to a deficiency in a clotting factor.
Hemophilia
-Developed the A-B-O blood typing system
- Won the 1930 Nobel Prize in Medicine
Karl Landsteiner
A blood type (also called a blood group) is a classification of blood based on the ______________ substances on the surface of red blood cells (RBCs).
presence or absence of inherited antigenic
___________ (clumping) and ____________ (rupture) of RBCs due to binding of antibodies (part of the immune system) to antigen, and causes blockage of blood vessels and eventually death.
- Agglutination
- Hemolysis
The __________, are in the blood plasma to attack foreign antigens, resulting in 𝙘𝙡𝙪𝙢𝙥𝙞𝙣𝙜 (𝙖𝙜𝙜𝙡𝙪𝙩𝙞𝙣𝙖𝙩𝙞𝙤𝙣)/ 𝙝𝙚𝙢𝙤𝙡𝙮𝙨𝙞𝙨.
antibodies
• Since type O persons do not have either A or B antigens on their red cells, they are called ________________because their blood can, theoretically, be given to all 4 blood types.
“universal donors”
• Type AB persons are called____________ because they
do not have circulating agglutinins in their plasma and can,
therefore, receive blood of any type.
“universal recipients”
Hemolytic Disease of The Newborn (HDN)
• Also called, ______________
Erythroblastosis Fetalis
Less common antigens
D antigen / rhesus antigens
The Rh blood group is named for the __________, the animal in which the Rh antigens were discovered in 1940.
rhesus monkey
This group include numerous antigens (C, D, E). Antigen __ is by far the most reactive and it is used for Rh typing.
Antigen D
- Immunoglobins also know
- 20% of blood plasma volume
- Produced as part of immune response
- Bind to “alien” objects
- Antigen binding sites
- Extremely specific
Antibodies
Blood plasma contains _______________ that react with non-self antigens.
antibodies or agglutinins
Antibodies corresponding to surface antigens
- Anti-A antibodies
- Anti-B antibodies
Serum Antibodies
what is the antigen of each group:
1. type A
2. type B
3. type AB
4. type O
antigen of each group
1. A antigen
2. B antigen
3. A and B antigen
4. none
what is the antibodies of the group type:
1. type A
2. type B
3. type AB
4. type O
what is the antibodies of the group type:
1. B antibodies
2. A antibodies
3. none
4. type O
• Someone with 𝙍𝙝+ blood can receive both _______ transfusions, but those with 𝙍𝙝- can only receive Rh- blood.
• This is because an Rh+ blood transfusion can cause a person with Rh- blood to make 𝙖𝙣𝙩𝙞𝙗𝙤𝙙𝙞𝙚𝙨 𝙖𝙜𝙖𝙞𝙣𝙨𝙩 𝙩𝙝𝙚 𝙍𝙝 𝙛𝙖𝙘𝙩𝙤𝙧, causing a transfusion 𝙧𝙚𝙖𝙘𝙩𝙞𝙤𝙣.
Rh+ and Rh-
Blood type what type of blood that they can give to: (ihatag)
1. type A
2. type B
3. type AB
4. type O
1. A and AB
2. B and AB
3. AB
4. A, B, AB, and O
Blood type what type of blood that they can received from: (marereceive)
1. type A
2. type B
3. type AB
4. type O
1. A and O
2. B and O
3. AB, A, B, and O
4. O
The 𝙖𝙣𝙩𝙞𝙜𝙚𝙣𝙨 that determine the blood types are called _______, and the corresponding 𝙖𝙣𝙩𝙞𝙗𝙤𝙙𝙞𝙚𝙨 are called ________
- agglutinogens
- agglutinins
- People of any blood type can receive it.
- People with O negative blood can only receive red
cell donations from O negative donors.
O-