anaphy chap2
anything that occupies space and has mass (solid, liquid, or gas)
matter
amount of matter in an object
mass
gravitational force acting on object
weight
Basic Chemistry
matter
mass
weight
simplest form of matter
• Example: C, H, O, N, Ca, K,
Na, Cl
Element
•smallest particle of an
element
• contains protons, electrons,
and neutrons
Atom
Planetary Models of Atomic Structure
hydrogen
carbon
oxygen
Subatomic Particles
proton
neutron
electron
positive charged particle located inside the nucleus
proton
neutral charged particle located inside the nucleus
neutron
negative charged particle located outside the nucleus
electron
the number of protons in each
atom
atomic number
the number of protons and
neutrons in each atom
mass number
occur when outermost
electrons (valence shell electrons) are
transferred or shared between atoms
chemical bonds
Types of chemical bonds
• Ionic
• Covalent
• Hydrogen
a charged atom formed because of a
donation or gain of an electron(s)
• Example: Na+
Ion
occurs when there is an attraction
between two oppositely charged ions
• Example: NaCl
ionic bonding
occurs when atoms share one or
more pairs of electrons
• Example: hydrogen molecule
covalent bonding
form when there is an unequal
sharing of electrons
• Example: water (H2O
polar covalent bonds
have an asymmetrical electrical charge
polar molecule
have a SYMMETRICAL electrical
charge
nonpolar molecular
forms when the positive end
of one polar molecule is weakly attracted to the
negative end of another polar molecule
hydrogen bond
2 or more atoms chemically combine
• Example: water (H2O)
molecule
chemical combination of 2 or more different types
of atoms
• Example: NaCl
compound
occur when there is a formation or breaking of chemical bonds between atoms, ions, molecules, or compounds.
chemical reactions
substances that ENTER into the reaction
reactants
substances that RESULT from the reaction
product
Types of Chemical Reactions
synthesis reaction
decomposition reaction
exchange reaction
revisible reaction
equilibrium
build a new molecule
• energy-requiring
• Example: ADP + P ATP
synthesis reaction
break down molecule
• energy-releasing
• Example: ATP ADP + P
decomposition reaction
combination of synthesis and decomposition reactions
exchange reaction
occur when the reaction
can run in the opposite direction, so that the
products are converted back to the original
reactants.
reversible reaction
when the rate of product formation
equals the rate of reactant formation
equilibrium
ENERGY is the capacity to do work.
WORK is the moving of matter.
KINETIC ENERGY is energy in motion
POTENTIAL ENERGY is stored energy
energy
is a form of potential energy
stored in chemical bonds
chemical energy
RATE at which a chemical reaction proceeds is influenced by several factors:
• concentration of the reactants
• temperature
• catalyst
within limits the
higher the concentration of reactants the faster
the rate
Concentration of the reactants:
within limits, the higher the
temperature the faster the rate
temperature
increases the rate of a reaction without itself being permanently changed or depleted.
catalyst
a proton H+ DONOR
• pH BELOW 7
• Example: HCl (hydrochloric acid)
acid
a proton H+ ACCEPTOR
• pH ABOVE 7
• Example: NaOH (sodium hydroxide)
base
deals with those substances
that do not contain carbon
inorganic chemistry
is the study of carbon-
containing substances
organic chemistry
The four major groups of organic molecules essential to living organisms are:
1.carbohydrates,
2.lipids,
3. proteins
4. nucleic acids.
characteristics of carbohydrates
monosaccharides
disaccharide
polysaccharide
are the building blocks.
simple sugar (1 sugar)
monosaccharides
• 2 sugars
disaccharide
many sugars
polysaccharide
Functions of Carbohydrates
Short-term energy storage
Converted to glucose quickly
Glucose is used to make ATP (energy)
Brain cells require glucose
Characteristics of Lipids
Contain C, H, O
Contain a lower proportion of oxygen to carbon
than do carbohydrates.
Insoluble in water
Examples: fats, oils, cholesterol, triglycerides,
phospholipids
Functions of Lipids
Long term energy storage
Insulates against heat loss
Protective cushion for organs
Cholesterol is part of the cell membrane
structure
types of lipid
saturated and unsaturated
• single covalent bonds between carbon atoms
• Examples: beef, pork, whole milk, cheese, eggs
saturated
• one or more double covalent bonds between carbons
• Examples: olive oil, fish oil, sunflower oil
unsaturated