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Cell

3 main parts of the cell

plasma membrane
cytoplasm; cytosol, organelles

nucleus; chromosomes, genes

forms the cell's flexible outer surface, separating the cell's internal environment from the external environment

plasma membranes

it is a selective barrier (semi-permeable) that regulates the flow of materials into and out of a cell

plasma membrane

this selectivity helps establish and maintain the appropriate environment for normal cellular activities

plasma membrane

plays a key role in communication among cells and between cells and their external environment

plasma membrane

flexible yet sturdy barrier that surrounds and contains the cytoplasm of a cell

plasma membrane

fragile transparent barrier that contains the cell contents and separates them from the surrounding environment

plasma membrane

the arrangement of molecules within the membrane resembles a sea of lipids containing many types of proteins

Fluid mosaic model

the lipids act as a barrier to certain substances

fluid mosaic model

the proteins act as a "gatekeepers" to certain molecules and ions same kind during tissue formation

fluid mosaic model

made up of phospholipids cholesterol and glycolipids

consists of a lipid bilayer

extend into or through the lipid bilayer among the fatty acids tails and are firmly embedded in it

integral protein

transmembrane protein are integral protein which spans the entire lipid bilayer and protude into both the cytosol and extracellular fluid

integral protein

not as firmly embedded in the membrane

peripheral protein

they are attached to the polar heads of membrane lipids or to integral proteins at the inner or outer surface of the membrane

peripheral protein

membrane proteins when a carbohydrate group attached that protrudes into the extracellular fluid

glycoprotein

the "sugary coating" surrounding the membrane made up of the carbohydrates portions of the glycolipid and glycoproteins

glycocalyx

cell membrane proteins forms

ion channels

other integral proteins of a Carriers selectively moving a fuller substance or ion from one side of the membrane to the other also known as transporters

carriers

serve as cellular recognition sites. each type of receptor recognizes and bines a specific type of molecule

receptors

finding of a specific molecule to a receptor

ligand

catalyze specific chemical reaction at the inside or outside surface of the cell

enzymes

anchor proteins in the plasma membranes of neighboring cells to one another or to proteins filaments inside and outside the cell

linkers

they may enable a cell to recognize other cell of the same kind during tissue formation or recognize and respond to potential dangerous foreign cells

cell identity markers

the plasma membranes are selectively permeable

membrane permeability

the cell is either permeable or informable to certain substances

membrane permeability

means that a structure permits the passage of substances through it

permeable

means that a structure does not permit the passage of substances through it

impermeable

a substance moves down it concentration or electrical ingredient to cross the membrane using only its own kinetic energy (energy of motion)

passive process

cellular energy is used to drive the substance "uphill" against its concentration or electrical gradient

active process

the net movement of a solvent through a selectively permeable membrane from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration

osmosis

a solution relates to how the solution influences the shape of body cell

tonicity

energy derived from hydrolysis ATP changes the shape of a carrier protein which "pumps" a substance across a plasma membrane against the concentration gradient. indeed carrier proteins that mediate primary active transport as often called pumps

primary active transport

energy stored in a na or h concentration gradient is used to drive other substances across the membrane against the iron concentration gradients. because na or h gradient is established by primary active transport

secondary active transport

a small spherical sac formed by budding off prom a membrane

vesicle

material move into a cell in a vesicle form from the plasma membrane

endocytosis

vesicles fuse with the plasma membrane releasing their contents into the extracellular fluid. materials move out in the cell in the vesicle fuse with the plasma membrane

exocytosis

a combination of endocytosis and exocytosis; vesicles undergo endocytosis on one side of a cell move across the cell and then undergo exocytosis on the opposite side

transcytosis

consists of all the cellular contents between the plasma membranes and the nucleus

cytoplasm

a form of endocytosis in which tiny droplets of extracellular fluid are taken up

pinocytosis or bulk - phase endocytosis

is the fluid portion of the cytoplasm that surround organelles and constitutes about 55% of total cell volume

cytosol

are the thinnest elements of the cytoskeleton. they are composed of the proteins actin and myosin and their most prevalent at the edge of a cell

microfilaments

they help generate movements and provide mechanical support

microfilaments

thicker than microfilaments but thinner than microtubules

intermediate filaments

largest of the cytoskeletal components and are long unbranched hollow tubes composed mainly of the protein tubulin

microtubules

pericentriolar material of the centrosome contains turbulent that build microtubules in non- dividing cells

centrosome

move fluids along a cell surface

cilia

moves an entire cell

flagella

associated with endoplasmic reticulum synthesize proteins justine from insertion in the plasma membrane or secrets from the cell

ribosomes

synthesize proteins used in the cytosol

ribosomes

a network of membrane enclosed sacs or tubules that extend throughout the cytoplasm and connect to the nuclear envelope

endoplasmic reticulum

synthesizes glycoproteins and phospholipids that are transferred into cellular organelles inserted into the plasma membrane or secreted during exocytosis

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

synthesizes fatty acids and steroids such as estrogens and testosterone inactivates or detoxifies drugs and other potentially harmful substances removes the phosphate groups from glucose

smooth endoplasmic reticulum

modify sorts, package and transport proteins received from the rough er

golgi apparatus

digest substance that enter a cell via endocytosis and transport final products of digestion into cytosol

lysosomes

carry out autophagy the digestion of worn out organelles

lysosome

implemented autolysis of an entire cell

lysosome

generate atp to reactions of aerobic cellular respiration

mitochondria

play an important early role in apoptosis

mitochondria

is a large organelle that houses most of a cell dna

nucleus

a single molecule of dna associated with several proteins contains thousands of hereditary unit called genes

chromosome

control most aspects of cellular structures and function

genes

also known as reduction division

meiosis

it is a type of cell division that reduces the number of chromosomes in the parent cell by half and produces for gametes cells (haploid)

meiosis

occurs only in gametes or sex cells

meiosis

type of cell division where in parent cell divides in each of the two daughter cell receives a chromosomal set identical to that of the parent cell (diploid)

mitosis

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