Cell
3 main parts of the cell
plasma membrane
cytoplasm; cytosol, organelles
nucleus; chromosomes, genes
forms the cell's flexible outer surface, separating the cell's internal environment from the external environment
plasma membranes
it is a selective barrier (semi-permeable) that regulates the flow of materials into and out of a cell
plasma membrane
this selectivity helps establish and maintain the appropriate environment for normal cellular activities
plasma membrane
plays a key role in communication among cells and between cells and their external environment
plasma membrane
flexible yet sturdy barrier that surrounds and contains the cytoplasm of a cell
plasma membrane
fragile transparent barrier that contains the cell contents and separates them from the surrounding environment
plasma membrane
the arrangement of molecules within the membrane resembles a sea of lipids containing many types of proteins
Fluid mosaic model
the lipids act as a barrier to certain substances
fluid mosaic model
the proteins act as a "gatekeepers" to certain molecules and ions same kind during tissue formation
fluid mosaic model
made up of phospholipids cholesterol and glycolipids
consists of a lipid bilayer
extend into or through the lipid bilayer among the fatty acids tails and are firmly embedded in it
integral protein
transmembrane protein are integral protein which spans the entire lipid bilayer and protude into both the cytosol and extracellular fluid
integral protein
not as firmly embedded in the membrane
peripheral protein
they are attached to the polar heads of membrane lipids or to integral proteins at the inner or outer surface of the membrane
peripheral protein
membrane proteins when a carbohydrate group attached that protrudes into the extracellular fluid
glycoprotein
the "sugary coating" surrounding the membrane made up of the carbohydrates portions of the glycolipid and glycoproteins
glycocalyx
cell membrane proteins forms
ion channels
other integral proteins of a Carriers selectively moving a fuller substance or ion from one side of the membrane to the other also known as transporters
carriers
serve as cellular recognition sites. each type of receptor recognizes and bines a specific type of molecule
receptors
finding of a specific molecule to a receptor
ligand
catalyze specific chemical reaction at the inside or outside surface of the cell
enzymes
anchor proteins in the plasma membranes of neighboring cells to one another or to proteins filaments inside and outside the cell
linkers
they may enable a cell to recognize other cell of the same kind during tissue formation or recognize and respond to potential dangerous foreign cells
cell identity markers
the plasma membranes are selectively permeable
membrane permeability
the cell is either permeable or informable to certain substances
membrane permeability
means that a structure permits the passage of substances through it
permeable
means that a structure does not permit the passage of substances through it
impermeable
a substance moves down it concentration or electrical ingredient to cross the membrane using only its own kinetic energy (energy of motion)
passive process
cellular energy is used to drive the substance "uphill" against its concentration or electrical gradient
active process
the net movement of a solvent through a selectively permeable membrane from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration
osmosis
a solution relates to how the solution influences the shape of body cell
tonicity
energy derived from hydrolysis ATP changes the shape of a carrier protein which "pumps" a substance across a plasma membrane against the concentration gradient. indeed carrier proteins that mediate primary active transport as often called pumps
primary active transport
energy stored in a na or h concentration gradient is used to drive other substances across the membrane against the iron concentration gradients. because na or h gradient is established by primary active transport
secondary active transport
a small spherical sac formed by budding off prom a membrane
vesicle
material move into a cell in a vesicle form from the plasma membrane
endocytosis
vesicles fuse with the plasma membrane releasing their contents into the extracellular fluid. materials move out in the cell in the vesicle fuse with the plasma membrane
exocytosis
a combination of endocytosis and exocytosis; vesicles undergo endocytosis on one side of a cell move across the cell and then undergo exocytosis on the opposite side
transcytosis
consists of all the cellular contents between the plasma membranes and the nucleus
cytoplasm
a form of endocytosis in which tiny droplets of extracellular fluid are taken up
pinocytosis or bulk - phase endocytosis
is the fluid portion of the cytoplasm that surround organelles and constitutes about 55% of total cell volume
cytosol
are the thinnest elements of the cytoskeleton. they are composed of the proteins actin and myosin and their most prevalent at the edge of a cell
microfilaments
they help generate movements and provide mechanical support
microfilaments
thicker than microfilaments but thinner than microtubules
intermediate filaments
largest of the cytoskeletal components and are long unbranched hollow tubes composed mainly of the protein tubulin
microtubules
pericentriolar material of the centrosome contains turbulent that build microtubules in non- dividing cells
centrosome
move fluids along a cell surface
cilia
moves an entire cell
flagella
associated with endoplasmic reticulum synthesize proteins justine from insertion in the plasma membrane or secrets from the cell
ribosomes
synthesize proteins used in the cytosol
ribosomes
a network of membrane enclosed sacs or tubules that extend throughout the cytoplasm and connect to the nuclear envelope
endoplasmic reticulum
synthesizes glycoproteins and phospholipids that are transferred into cellular organelles inserted into the plasma membrane or secreted during exocytosis
Rough endoplasmic reticulum
synthesizes fatty acids and steroids such as estrogens and testosterone inactivates or detoxifies drugs and other potentially harmful substances removes the phosphate groups from glucose
smooth endoplasmic reticulum
modify sorts, package and transport proteins received from the rough er
golgi apparatus
digest substance that enter a cell via endocytosis and transport final products of digestion into cytosol
lysosomes
carry out autophagy the digestion of worn out organelles
lysosome
implemented autolysis of an entire cell
lysosome
generate atp to reactions of aerobic cellular respiration
mitochondria
play an important early role in apoptosis
mitochondria
is a large organelle that houses most of a cell dna
nucleus
a single molecule of dna associated with several proteins contains thousands of hereditary unit called genes
chromosome
control most aspects of cellular structures and function
genes
also known as reduction division
meiosis
it is a type of cell division that reduces the number of chromosomes in the parent cell by half and produces for gametes cells (haploid)
meiosis
occurs only in gametes or sex cells
meiosis
type of cell division where in parent cell divides in each of the two daughter cell receives a chromosomal set identical to that of the parent cell (diploid)
mitosis