Psychological disorders 2
Symptoms of major depressive disorder
Depressive episode, depressed mood; inability to experience pleasure; problems with concentration; feelings of worhtlessness
Symptoms of persistent depressive disorder (dysthymia)
Depressed mood more days than not for two years; problems with appetite, sleep, concentration, self-esteem
Symptoms of major depressive episode
Depressed mood for at least 2 weeks nearly everyday
- Sleep problems
- Concentration problems
- Weight loss
Symptoms of bipolar 1 disorder
Manic episode including elevated mood, reduced need for sleep, racing mind, invovlement in high-risk activities
Symptoms of bipolar 2 disorder
Depressive episode PLUS hypomanic episode, less severe than manic episode
(4 days rather than a week)
Symptoms of cyclothymic disorder
For at least 2 years, hypomanic episodes plus depressive symptoms
Symptoms of hypomanic episode
- Inflated self-esteem
- Decresed need for sleep
- Racing thoughts
- Very talkative
Social causes of mood disorders
Stressful life event
- childhood abuse
- traumatic event
- big move or change in life
Biological causes of mood disorders
twin studies: genetic factors increase vulnerability to mood disorders
- bipolar disorders are more heritable than depressive disorders
Biological factors - bipolar disorder
Greater reward activation relative to a comparison group, in response to positive information
- may explain some symptoms of mania
Psychological causes of mood disorders - Helplessness theory
A negative explanatory stlye increases the risk of depression
- A "bad thing" effects day to day life
Internal: "breakup was all my fault"
External: "It takes two to make a relationship work"
Cognitive triad and negative schemas
Negative schemas contribute to depression
- Interpret neutral information negatively
- Recall negative information better (not doing well on tests when u take a test because you remember getting a bad mark)
Symptoms of psychotic disorders
Distored perceptions of reality
Delusions: inplausible beliefs
Hallucinations: perceptions of things without external stimuli
Grossly disorganized behavior: behavior that is inappropriate for the situation
Schizophrenia - symptoms & duration
2 of; hallucinations, delusions, disorganized speech, disorganized behavior, negative symptoms
- 6 months or more
Brief panic disorder - symptoms and duration
Same as schizophrenia but negative symptoms excluded
- Less than 1 month
Delusional disorder - symptoms and duration
1 or more delusion
- 1 month or more
Dopamine hypothesis
- Antipsychotic drugs are dopamine antagnosits (prevent dopamine from binding to receptors to reduce the nueron from using dopamine as a transmitter
- Ampetamines, dopamine agnosits, produce schizophrenia like symptoms
- High levels of dopamine is what causes schizophrenia symptoms
Schizophrenia - brain tissue loss
People with schizophrenia tend to have more brain tissue loss, after 5 years of symptoms
- Larger hollow areas in the brain
Social cause of psychotic disorders
Schizophernia - Stress
- stress increases the risk of schizophrenia (living in a populated place)
- Stress-vulnerability model; greatest risk of schizophrenia in children from stressful homes with genetic risk