History mock Paper 3 Russia
Economic Modernization Alexander III
Policy= increased industrialisation under finance minister sergei witte ( trans serbian railway project)
Key stat= Coal production doubled between 1881-1894; railway length expanded by 20,000km
Impact= stregthened autocracy by fostering economic growth while maintaining tight state control
Tsarist Repression Alexander III
Policy=Russification to enforce Russian culture and language.
Action= Strengthened the Okhrana (secret police); over 1,500 revolutionaries executed by 1884.
impact= Alienated ethnic minorities, fueling opposition movements.
Growth of opposition Alexander III
Effect= Underground revolutionary groups like the People’s Will reorganized despite repression
Key figures= Lenin emerged in opposition circles by the 1890s.
Economic modernisation Nicholas II
Policy= Continued Witte’s reforms; emphasis on foreign investment.
Key stat= By 1913, Russia was the world’s fourth largest producer of steel.
Impact= Economic progress was uneven and concentrated in urban areas, deepening rural discontent.
Tsarist Repression Nicholas II
Policy= Used the Okhrana and military to suppress strikes and demonstrations.
Action= Bloody Sunday in 1905 killed over 200 peaceful protestors.
Impact= Escalated calls for reform and eroded faith in Nicholas II.
Growth of Opposition Nicholas II
Effects= Socialist groups such as the Social Democrats and Socialist Revolutionaries grew significantly.
Stat= Bolshevik membership grew from 8,000 in 1905 to 40,000 by 1917.
Causes of 1905 rev, Social and Economic causes
Conditions= 80% of the population were peasants living in widespread poverty.
Stat= 80% of the population were peasants living in widespread poverty.
Urban Issues= Factory workers endured long hours (12-16 hours per day) with low pay.
Significance of Ruso-japanese war as causes of the 1905 revolution
Trigger= Humiliating defeat in 1905 damaged national morale and tsarist credibility.
Stat= Russian Baltic Fleet destroyed at Tsushima; over 10,000 killed.
Impact= Exposed military weakness and increased domestic unrest.
Stolypins reforms as consequences of 1905 Revolution
Policy = Land reforms aimed at creating a loyal peasant class, the kulaks.
Stat= Over 2 million peasants relocated to Siberia between 1906 and 1914.
Impact= Reforms had limited success, and rural unrest persisted.
The dumas as consequences of 1905 revolution
Policy= Nicholas II introduced the October Manifesto in 1905, creating a legislative assembly
Reality= Fundamental Laws of 1906 limited the Dumas’ power, with Nicholas retaining veto authority.
Impact= Disillusionment among liberals and revolutionaries.
economic and social impact of ww1
Stat= By 1916, food prices had quadrupled, and urban workers faced severe shortages
Military Impact= 2.5 million Russian soldiers killed by 1917, with widespread desertions.
Impact= Accelerated dissatisfaction with the regime among soldiers and civilians.
February march 1917 Revolution
Event= Protests in Petrograd erupted over food shortages and military defeats.
Stat = By March 1917, 200,000 workers were on strike.
Outcome= Nicholas II abdicated on March 15, 1917, ending autocracy.