sexual offending
Under the Sexual Offences Act 2003, what constitutes the offence of rape?
Intentional penetration of the vagina, anus, or mouth of another person with a penis without reasonable belief of consent
According to the Sexual Offences Act 2003, what must be considered to determine if a belief in consent is reasonable?
All circumstances, including any steps A has taken to ascertain whether B consents
What is implied by the ‘tiering’ of sexual offences in the Sexual Offences Act 2003?
Some sex acts are considered more serious than others
What percentage of sexual offenders appearing in magistrates’ courts in England & Wales in 2015/16 were female?
1.6%
According to Williams and Bierie (2015), what percentage of incidents involved a female sexual offender in their analysis of U.S. police-recorded sexual offences?
5%
In Finkelhor's (1984) study, what percentage of female child sexual abuse victims in the US were abused by women?
5%
Which study found that 75% of male US college students reported female perpetrators?
Fromuth and Burkhart (1987)
According to Larson and Maison (1987), why is it difficult to conceive of women as sexual abusers?
All of the above
Which study suggests that rape myth acceptance does NOT significantly predict sexual re-offending?
Johnson & Beech (2017)
How is the sexual abuse of schoolboys by female teachers often perceived in society?
Not serious and often eroticized or trivialized
What are common challenges facing victims of female-perpetrated sexual abuse?
All of the above
According to Denov (2004), what is a common belief held by psychiatrists regarding female sexual offenders?
Women are not erotically attracted to children
What are the key themes in media reports about female child sex offenders according to Hayes & Baker (2014)?
All of the above
Which statement reflects a key point in Jamieson (1996) regarding the perception of rape by the perpetrator?
"Yeah I may have raped her, but I didn’t think I was raping her."
What criticism does Smart (2002) make about the law regarding sexual offences?
The law seeks 'yes/no' answers and invalidates one party's lived experience.
In the analysis by Williams and Bierie (2015), what percentage of female offenders had a male co-offender?
32.5%
Which characteristic is more likely for female sexual offenders compared to male offenders, according to Williams and Bierie (2015)?
Offending against their own children
According to the NSPCC (2015), what percentage of Childline counselling sessions in the UK about sexual abuse involved a female perpetrator?
9%
Which theoretical concept is challenged by the existence of female sexual offenders according to Byers and O’Sullivan (1998)?
Sexual scripts
What stereotype is often applied to female sexual offenders in societal narratives?
Eroticized fantasy figures
What is a common societal reaction to male victims of female-perpetrated sexual violence?
Ridicule and disbelief
According to Loxton & Groves (2022), what is a common myth about male victims of female-perpetrated sexual violence?
They secretly wanted it
According to hooks (2004), what cultural practice is often ignored in discussions about sexual abuse of black boys?
Encouragement to engage in intercourse with adults by older men
According to Struckman-Johnson, Struckman-Johnson & Anderson (2003), what percentage of men had experienced postrefusal sexual persistence tactics?
58%
What finding does Ford (2017) report regarding male consent?
Having sex is often seen as easier than saying no
According to Meenagh (2020), how do men often describe their experience of refusing sex?
They find it hard to get heard when saying no
What does the essentialist conception of sex entail?
belief in a true essence that is unchanging and constitutive
According to sex-role socialization theory, why do males commit acts of sexual violence?
Because they are socially conditioned to be aggressive