Unit 1 Cancer
A cell cycle checkpoint for S phase would likely inhibit progression through the cell cycle if _____.
There is DNA damage
The nucleus of an atom contains ____.
protons and neutrons
A cell cycle checkpoint at which phase would ensure sufficient nutrients for cell division were available?
G1 or G2
Which cell feature is absent in bacterial cells?
nucleus
Nuclear envelopes reform during _____.
telophase
Cell shape is reinforced by ____.
cytoskeletal filaments
Eukaryotic cells have their DNA enclosed in the _____.
nucleus
Which cellular component is common to all cells?
cytoplasm
The negative subatomic particle is the ____.
electron
The spindle apparatus appears during _____.
prophase
Chromosomes are unduplicated during which phase of cell cycle?
G1
An example of a biofilm is ____.
oral bacteria living on teeth
In which phase of mitosis do chromosomes arrive at opposite sides of the cell?
telophase
Abnormal cell division that does not pose a threat to surrounding tissues is termed _____.
benign
A parent cell with 12 chromosomes will produce daughter cells with _____ chromosomes by mitosis.
12
Chromosomes are aligned at the middle of the cell during _____.
metaphase
The positively charged ion, potassium, and the negatively charged ion, fluoride, will form what kind of bond?
ionic
Nucleotides are monomers of ____.
nucleic acids
Which of the following is the proper sequence for mitosis?
prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase
Which event occurs during interphase?
the cell doubles its cytoplasmic contents
Ribosomes are ____.
involved in protein synthesis
Which of the following treatment methods are not currently being utilized in cancer treatment?
immunotherapy
___ are long whip like cellular structures that act like propellers to move a cell through fluid environments.
flagella
_____ is the stage of the cell cycle during which a cell performs its normal metabolic processes.
G1
The organelle that pinches off portions of its membrane to form a vesicle used for storage or transport is the ____.
golgi body
The spread of cancer cells from one site to others in the body is known as _____.
metastasis
The positive subatomic particle is the ____.
proton
Which bond is weakest?
hydrogen
The bond in table salt (Na+Cl-) is ____.
ionic
Which of the following occurs in prophase?
the nuclear envelope breaks down
Blood pressure is lowest when ventricles are _____; this is known as _____.
fully relaxed; diastolic pressure
Large polymers are formed from smaller subunits by which type of reaction?
condensation
Diffusion of water from a hypertonic solution to a hypotonic solution across a semi-permeable membrane ____.
will occur until both sides are hypertonic
Breathing is under _____ control.
voluntary and involuntary
The driving force for blood circulation is ____.
contraction of the ventricles
The second law of thermodynamics states that ____.
energy disperses spontaneously
Fermentation reactions occur in the ____.
cytoplasm
ADH____.
increases water reabsorption
Osmosis is an example of ____.
passive transport
Substances that enter a reaction are termed ____.
reactants
Our primary source of energy is obtained from ____.
carbohydrates
The primary role of bile salts during digestion is ____.
to coat fat droplets and separate them into small droplets
Pulmonary veins carry ____.
oxygen-rich blood back to the heart
The longest segment of the gut is the____.
small intestine
Wilting of a plant (shriveling of the cells) occurs ____.
if the plant is placed in a hypertonic solution
In alcoholic fermentation, the final product is ____.
ethanol
A(n) ____ is a protein monomer.
amino acid
Nucleotides are monomers of ____.
nucleic acids
The sodium–potassium pump is an example of ____.
active transport
What happens in an electron transport chain?
Electron movement transfers energy to enzymes that create ATP
Over working the heart by having too much blood volume, making it more difficult to push blood forward in the system is which of the following conditions?
hypertension
The main enzyme produced in the saliva acts on ____.
carbohydrates
The ____ contain(s) oxygen-poor blood.
pulmonary arteries
An individual who does not produce bile has the most trouble digesting ____.
fats
The energy in chemical bonds is what type of energy?
potential
During inhalation, the diaphragm moves _____ and the intercostal muscles move the rib cage _____.
downward; outward
ATP contains ____.
phosphate
Cellular respiration that requires oxygen is called ____.
aerobic respiration
Energy is defined as ____.
the capacity to do work
The three main categories of energy-producing foods are ____.
fats, carbohydrates, and proteins
Meiosis in a diploid organism typically produces _____.
four haploid cells
An allele is ____ if its effect masks that of a ____ allele paired with it.
dominant; recessive
During a human pregnancy, implantation occurs at which stage?
blastocyst
Paired homologous chromosomes are found at the center of the cell during _____ of meiosis.
metaphase 1
Frameshift mutations may involve _____.
the insertion of one to several base pairs
How many nucleotides comprise one codon?
3
DNA molecules contain protein-coding sequences called _____.
genes
Human female gametes form ____.
before birth
In the human male, sperm are produced in the ____.
seminiferous tubules
Which effect is not controlled by a hormone feedback pathway?
temperature induced sterility in males
When two alleles of the same gene are identical, the individual carrying those alleles is said to be ____.
homozygous
Which structure is responsible for keeping the fetus from slipping out of the uterus prematurely?
cervix
The first cell of a new individual is the ____.
zygote
Which membrane is referenced in the expression my water broke?
amnion
Fertilization in humans occurs in the ____.
oviduct
An individual’s ____ determines its observable ____.
genotype; phenotype
FSH and LH regulate ____.
the production of sex hormones and gametes
Observable traits are known in genetics as ____.
phenotypes
In meiosis, _____ are separated during anaphase I, and _____ are separated during anaphase II.
homologous chromosomes; sister chromatids
Which part of a cell's machinery reads the mRNA strand during translation?
ribosome
A gene that produces multiple effects is called a(n) ____.
pleiotropic gene
What is an anticodon?
the region of the tRNA that base-pairs with the mRNA
What is the function of the prostate secretions?
to protect sperm from vaginal acidity
Mammals nourish their embryos by means of a(n) ____.
placenta
____ is the degree of adaptation to a specific environment.
Fitness
Morphological divergence ____.
is the change in body form to something different than that of a common ancestor
Passive immunization ____.
involves receiving antibodies from another individual
Which immune cells provide "memory" that can be used as defense for many years?
B-cells
Biogeography is the study of the ____.
patterns in the geographical distribution of species
____ selection occurs when individuals choose mates with a particular desirable trait.
Sexual
Individuals with adaptive traits tend to survive longer and produce more offspring, leading to ___ of the species.
evolution
What is the best definition of a population?
a group of interbreeding individuals of the same species in a given area
Innate immunity begins with the first line of defense that involves which of the following?
mechanical and chemical barriers
The process of speciation always includes ____ isolation.
reproductive
Inflammation ____.
results in redness due to increased blood flow
The similar body shape and color of dolphins and sharks is an example of ____.
convergent evolution
Which type of organisms contain pathogens that have eukaryotic cells and are all aquatic?
protists
The normal flora that inhabit our body surfaces ____.
competitively exclude more harmful species
The goal of immunization is to ____.
induce immunity to disease without risk of actual infection
The ability of the adaptive immune response to tailor its response to a particular antigen is referred to as ____.
specificity
Which viral pathogen results in immunodeficiency in humans?
HIV
Active immunization ____.
results in memory cell formation
____ is the study of body plans and structures across different organisms.
Comparative morphology
Autoimmune disorders are caused by ____.
lymphocytes that target self-cells
Environmental pressures result in a(n) ____ of adaptive alleles.
increase in the frequency
All of the alleles in a population make up the ____.
gene pool
The adaptive immunity response is based on what?
self-recognition
What is the original source of new alleles?
mutation
In adaptive immune responses, which components bind to viruses to prevent them from invading cells?
interferons
Which of the following terms is not associated with the others?
Bacteria
Natural killer cells, or cytotoxic T cells, are capable of ____.
destroying infected body cells
Hind leg bones in whales are an example of ____ structures.
vestigial
A ____ mutation changes the DNA sequence but has no impact on the fitness of the individual.
neutral
Breast feeding a newborn baby is important because it gives the baby what?
passive immunity
A cohort is ____.
a collection of same-aged individuals of the same species
Many soil fungi take part in a mutualistic relationship with plant roots, known as _____.
mycorrhiza
A community refers to ____.
all species that live and interact in a specific area
A group of organisms of the same species that live in a specific location is called a(n) ____.
population
Although energy flows in one direction in an ecosystem, nutrients ____ through an ecosystem.
deteriorate and recycle
A(n) ____ is an observed consequence of global climate change.
rise in sea level
From this age structure diagram for India, it is likely that India’s population will ____.
increase
Biotic potential ____.
is a theoretical value based on conditions of unlimited resources
The maximum number of individuals of a species that a given environment can sustain indefinitely defines ____.
the carrying capacity of the environment
What is the function of phloem?
it transports photosynthetic sugars
If the death rate of a population exceeds the birth rate of a population, ____.
the population will decrease in size
The only group of plants that produces flowers is the ____.
angiosperms
The warming action on Earth’s atmosphere is referred to as ____.
the greenhouse effect
In contrast to predation, a parasite usually ____.
does not kill its host
Desertification is mainly caused by ____.
poor agricultural practices
Spotted owls eating mice
carnivore
An earthworm
detritivore
Primary consumers
herbivore
A zebra grazing on savanna grass
herbivore
The end point of all trophic levels—fungi are most common
decomposer
Gymnosperms are seed plants that produce seeds ____.
inside cones
A population that is growing exponentially in the absence of limiting factors can be illustrated by which shaped curve?
J-shaped
A(n) ____ species resides where it evolved and is found nowhere else on Earth.
endemic
Which list represents the proposed sequence in plant evolution?
bryophytes >>> seedless vascular plants >>> gymnosperms >>> angiosperms
Which is an example of a detritivore?
earthworm
Acid rain is the result of ____.
the burning of fossil fuels
Two species of closely related squirrels both feed on acorns produced by oak trees. One species feeds exclusively near
the top of the tree and the other feeds exclusively toward the bottom of the tree. This is an example of ____.
resource partitioning
Climate-related effects due to the increase in greenhouse gases
global climate change
The heat emitted by Earth’s atmosphere warms its surface
greenhouse effect
Derived from the ancient remains of plants
fossil fuels