Neuro - Basal Ganglia

True or False: The neurons in the basal ganglia are active during anticipation of movement

true

The Putamen and Caudate are apart of which structure in the Basal Ganglia?

corpus striatum

The Globus pallidus and the Substantia nigra pars reticulata are apart of which structure in the Basal Ganglia?

pallidum

Medium spiny neurons integrate inputs from cortical, thalamic, and brainstem structures in the _____ via glutamatergic synapses

corpus striatum

Medium spiny neurons have a strong inward ____ conductance

potassium

K

Substantia nigra pars compacta provides dopaminergic input to the ________

corpus striatum

True or False: The caudate receives most of the input from the Substantia nigra pars compacta

false

Putamen neurons discharge in anticipation of limb and trunk movements, while Caudate neurons fire prior to ___ movements

eye

True or False: Inputs to caudate and putamen maintain functional topographic organization

true

The matrix receives input from most areas of the cerebral cortex and sends projections to:

globus pallidus and the substantia nigra pars reticulata

Subthalamic nuclei provide input to the _____

pallidum

True or False: Medium spiny neurons are usually silent

true

Putamen neurons discharge in anticipation of (blank) movements

limb and trunk

What is/are the major source(s) of output from the basal ganglia?

the globus pallidus and the substantia nigra pars reticulata

Do medium spiny neurons of the caudate and putamen give rise to inhibitory or excitatory GABAergic projections?

inhibitory

True or False: GABAergic neurons from the pallidum tonically inhibit the cells in the superior colliculus and thalamus

true

If corpus striatum neurons are at rest, is the thalamus inhibited by globus pallidus neurons? Yes or no.

yes

If corpus striatum neurons are active, they will ____ globus pallidus neurons, so they no longer releases their inhibitory NTs. This will lead to _____ in the thalamus.

inhibit; excitation

Does the direct motor pathway cause activation or suppression of intended motor programs?

activation

When excitatory inputs reach the corpus striatum from the cortex, the GABAergic projections will ____ (inhibit or excite) the tonically active inhibitory cells of the globus pallidus and substantia nigra pars reticulata

inhibit

The indirect motor pathway is via strong activation of the ______ from the cortex; these excitatory projections will activate the inhibitory cells of the globus pallidus

subthalamic nuclei

subthalamic nucleus

Which illness is associated with violent, involuntary movements of the limbs and is the result of damage to the subthalamic nucleus?

Hemiballismus

Is Huntington's disease a hyper- or hypokinetic disorder?

hyperkinetic

hyper

Is Parkinson's disease a hyper- or hypokinetic disorder?

hypokinetic

hypo

True or False: The cause of Huntington's is thought to be dopaminergic loss in the substantia nigra

false

A dramatic reduction in the size of the caudate and putamen is thought to underlie which disease?

huntingtons

huntington's

huntington

The reduction in size of the corpus striatum seen in Huntingtons is also accompanied by degeneration of medium spiny neurons that project to the ____ segment of the globus pallidus that produces reduction in the inhibitory outflow of the basal ganglia

external

Degeneration of medium spiny neurons results in a ____ in the inhibitory outflow of the basal ganglia and a ____ in the excitability of the upper motor neurons

decrease; increase

Nigral neurons provide ____ (excitatory or inhibitory) inputs mediated by D1 type dopaminergic receptors on the spiny cells that project to the _____ (internal or external) globus pallidus

excitatory; internal

D2 type receptors on spiny cells project ___ inputs to the ____ globus pallidus

inhibitory; external

True or False: Parkinson's disease is thought to be from loss of dopaminergic neurons that results in an abnormally high inhibitory outflow of the basal ganglia

true

A loss of D1 receptors leads to not as much excitation at spiny neurons going to the internal globus pallidus (GP), so they have diminished inhibition on internal GP; allows for internal GP to fire ____, therefore ____ tonic inhibition on the thalamus

more; increasing