biology
when is indicator yellow
high CO2, r>p
when is indicator red
normal CO2, r=p
when is indicator purple
low CO2, p>r
explain starch food test
iodine, yellow brown- blue black
explain sugar food test
benedicts, heated, blue- brick red parcipitate
explain protein food test
biuret, blue- purple lilac
explain fats food test
ethanol, add&shake, colourless- white emulusion
simple carb examples
glucopse&lactose
complex carb example
glyogen, starch, cellulose
what are proteins made up off
amino acid
fats are made up off..
fatty acids and glycerol
what are enzymes
biological catalysts that speed up rate of reactions without being used up
why do we need enzymes?
to break down large insoluble molecules into smaller soluable molecules so they can be absorbed into bloodstream and transported around body
what breaks down starch
amylase
what breakls down fats
lipase
what breaks down protein
protease
what effects rate of enzyme activity
ph, temeperatre and enzymed/substarte concentration
what are enzyme inhibitors
molecules that fit the active site but not broken down & reduce activity of the enxyme
commercial uses of enzymes
washing up powders to break down stains, produce lactose free milk, used to pre-digest babyfood
adaptions of respitory surface in the lungs
large surface area, good blood supplyhelps maintain diffusion gradient, thin/permaeble walls to allow gasses to pass through, moist surfaces to allow gases to diffuse easily
effect of exercise on breathing
depth&rate of breathing increases due to increased demands from respiring cells for oxygen & glucose
what is respiration
exothermic process that releases energy from all cells, taking place in mitochondria
uses for energy
heat, movemnetr, reproduction, growth, active transport
erobic respiration word equation
glucose + oxygen -> carbondioxide + water + energy
aerobic respration formula equations
C6H1206 + 602 -> 6CO2 + 6H20
anaerbic respiration in muscle
glucose -> carbondioxide + lactic acid
anaerobic respration in yeast
glucose -> carbondioxide + ethanol + energy
parts/co ordinators of central nervous system
brain, spinal cord
what is a voluntary response
actions which occur through conscious thought
what is a reflex response
actions which occur without conscious thought & occur very quickly
explain nervous system
fast response through nerves, that are short lasting
explain hormonal system
slow response through blood, that are long lasting
what is a receptor
one of 5 senses which react to a stimulous in the envioprnment to produce a nerve impulse
3 types of nuerones in a reflex arc
sensory, association and motoe
what is homostatis
maintainig a constant internal enviornment such as blood glucose & water concentration in body
what is a hormone?
a chmicam messanger which is produced by a gland that travels in blood to target an organ
what are gaps between nuerones
synapses
diabetes is a condition...
in which blood glucose control mechanism fails
type 1 diabetes
early onset, controlled by insulin injections
type 2 diabetes
late onset, controlled by diet and exercise
symptoms of diabetes
thirst, lethargy, high blood glucose levels, glucose in urine
long term effects of diabetes
eye-damage, kidney failure, heart disease, strokes
roles of kidney
removal of waste products, osmoregulation(maintenance of water balance in body)
explain how ADH works
.low water levels in blood detected by brain
.causes ADH to be produced by pituitary gland in the brain
.causes kidney to absorb molre water
.low volume of concentrated urine produced
what is auxin
plant horomone responsible fore growth
what is phototropism
the plant response to light
how plant hormone auxin works
.auxin is produced in the tip
.travels down the darkside of the shoot
.causes cells to elongate
.the shoot bends towards light
what is the carbon cycle
photosynthesis, assilmation, feeding, decomposition, respiration, fossilisation, combustion
what is photosynthesis (carbon cycle)
removal of co2 from air to plants
what is assilmilation
formation of organic compounds
what is feeding (cc)
passing on of nutrients into animals
what is decomposostion (CC)
realaese of nutrients from dead organisms & living trhings via decomposers
what is respiration (CC)
realaese of co2 from living things into the atmosphere
what is fossilisation
formation of fossil fuels
what is combustion
burning of fossil fuels with a release of co2
what is the nitrogen cycle
nitrogen-fixtation, nitrification, denitrification, denitrrifying bacteria
what is nitrogen fixtation
conversion of atmospheric nitrogen into nitrates in legums (followed by formation of amino acid&proteins)
what is nitrification
conversion of waste ammonia compounds into nitrates
what is denitrification
conversion of nitrates into atmospheric nitrogen
what is denitrifying bacteria
found in waterlogged soils, so ploughing & drainage requires to remove this bactera
what is biodiversity
a measure of the number of different species in an area
population
number of individuals of tyhe same species in an area
what is a habitat
area where a population lives
what is an enviornment
all the biotic/abiotic factors that affect an organism
what is a community
collection of different populations of species in an area
what is an ecosystem
area where a community of organisms live & are affexcted by range of enviornmebtal factors
what is a biotic factor
living factor
what is a non living factor
abiotic
what are quadrats
used to obtain perecebtage coverage in an area used with a key to identify plant species, placed at regular intervals or placred randomly when there is no change in enviornment
what is a producer
a plant which produces their own food by photosynthesius
what is a consumer
animals which feed on plants or other animsls
what is a primary consumjer
aniamls whiuch feed on plants onkly (herbivoresd)
what is a secomdary consumer
animals which feed on primary producers only(carnivores) or that ffed on both (omnivores)
what is fungis function
death and decay enzymes, saprophytic fungi secrete leads to extracellular digestion& absorption, leads to recyling of nutrients & formation of hummus
what affects rate of decomposition
temeperature, water content, oxygen availablity
describe structure of root hair cell
large surface area for greater absorption of mineral ions & water
what is active uptake
movement of minerals from an area of low concentration to high concentration requring energy
what is a nucleas
structure containing chromsomes which controls the cell
what is cyptoplasm
site off chemical reactions
what is cell membrane
controls entry & exit of substances from cell
what is mitochondria
site of energy production
what is cellulose cell wall
for strength, structure & suopport of cell
what is a vacuole
where water and sap are stored in cell
what is a chlorplasts
contain chlorophyll for photosynthesis
features of bacteria cell
no nucleas
plasmids& loops of DNA
nmon cellulose cell wall
flagellum (tail for movement)
parts ploant cell has that animal doesnt
cellulose cell wall, chlorplasts, vacuole
what is tissue
collection of cells that carry outr specific functions
what is organ
collection of tissues which carry out specific function
what is organ system
collection of organs
what type of reaction is photosynthesis
endothermic (gives out heat energy)
word equation for photopsynthesis
carbondioxide + water -> glucose + oxygen
formula equation of photosynthesis
6C02 + 6H2O -> C6H12 + 6O2
HOW ARE PLANTS DESTARCHED
placd in a dark room for 24-48 hors
why are plants destarched
so any stach present was made during experiment
how to test for starch
.boil in water (to stop chyemical reactions)
.boil in ethjanol ( to remove chlorophyll)
.heat in warm water (to soften leaf)
.test with iodine (tosoften leaf)
.test with iodine to see if starch is presnt
how tpo test for lioght
.destarch plant
.attach timfopil to both sides of a part of learf
.leave for 24 hours
. test with idone, blueblack-presnt, yellowbrown-notpresent
test for carbon dioxide
.destarch plant
.place one leaf in container with sodium hydroxide to absorb CO2
.place one leaf in a container with water to act as a control
.leave for 24 hours
. test for starvch
test for chlorphyll
.destarch plant
. use varigated lead
. place in sunli9gjt for 24 hours
. test for starch using iodine
what is a limiting factor
any enviornmental factor ruch as light, tenmperate whuch prevents reactions of phoitosynthesis taking place at max rate.
what does increasing temeperature do to photosynthesis
increases rate up to optimum, but when obver optimum enzymes are denautured.