PUBLIC SPEAKING and ARGUMENTATION
it is both an art and science of communication done before an audience. it is also considered as an _ because it is a craft of message or piece and _ because it has time tested principles on human communication.
public speaking
art
science
public speaking was formalized as an art by the _ (students of aristotle) who considered _ and _ as the most important aspects of public speaking regardless of the kind of audience one had.
sophists
style
delivery
LEGAL RESPONSIBILITY OF PUBLIC SPEAKING
1. speakers must refrain from any communication that may be defined as constituting a clear and present _.
2. speakers must refrain from using language that will _ the character of another.
_ it is the probable damage done to a person's character or reputation
danger
defame
defamation
ETHICAL RESPONSIBILITIES
5
1. tell the truth
2. keep your information in perspective
3. resist personal attacks against those who oppose your ideas
4. give the source for all information
5. disclose the complete picture
what are the six basic steps in preparing the speech
1. knowing your audience
2. choosing the topic
3. determining your purpose
4. collecting and supporting materials
5. making the outline
6. writing the speech
the speech has three parts _,_&_
introduction
body
conclusion
PART
it is the beginning of the speech. the opening words of the speech are often the most important for this will have a psychological effect on the audience.
introduction
PART
to arouse attention and goodwill of your audience and to present the subject matter or problem to them. you may start to speech with a question or puzzling statement, short quotations, anecdote, and appropriate joke or humor
introduction
PART
contains ideas about your topic. This is the main part
of the speech; the substance of the speech; paragraphs are united with a single idea.
This is enriched by the following: concrete illustrations, descriptions, comparison and
contrasts, rich data, facts or even statistics, pictures, visual aids, direct or various
experiences
body of the speech
PART
it brings the entire speech to focus on the central idea. All that
you have said – main points, subordinate points and supporting materials – should be
pulled together in this part to give a final impact on the proposition and to make a lasting
impression on the audience.
conclusion
PART
giving a challenge, giving a summary,
appealing to the emotions, visualizing the future or even leaving a question.
• The average length of the conclusion is approximately at least five (5) percent of
the entire speech and it must be shorter than the body of the speech.
conclusion
MODES OF SPEECH DELIVERY
is a mode of delivery where the speaker builds
his compositions prior to presentation but creates his language during the time of
speaking. The preparation, extensive and painstaking, entails the making of an outline,
sometimes writing the entire speech WITHOUT memorizing it and a lot of oral rehearsals.
EXTEMPORANEOUS SPEECH
MODES OF SPEECH DELIVERY
is one given WITHOUT previous preparation. The
speaker is asked or prompted for some reason to talk on the spur of the moment. Start
by referring to the situation or to something said by a previous speaker; integrate it with
your main point; support the main point with an anecdote or other forms, then restate your
main point.
IMPROMPTU SPEECH
MODES OF SPEECH DELIVERY
is appropriate or
required in cases where the speaker’s words may reflect the official policy of a business or nation. This kind of speech delivery is precise in thought and language, if properly
presented. One should be a speaker, not a reader.
READING FROM MANUSCRIPT/memorized speech
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN EXTEMPORANEOUS AND IMPROMPTU SPEECH:
_ is given while using prepared notes and a few minutes to half
an hour can be given to the speaker to prepare. On the other hand, an _ is spoken immediately and without preparation.
NOTE: It is not necessary to memorize either the impromptu or extemporaneous
speeches.
Extemporaneous Speech
Impromptu
Speech
_ – is an emotion – oftentimes fear of the audience – arising from the
difficulty in coping with a situation. In its severe form, stage fright can make your mind go
blank. This is the first problem that besets a speaker or a performer.
_ comes from feeling “inadequate” to meet a situation; from fear of not living up
to the expectation of the audience; fear of forgetting; and fear of failure. The problem of
stage fright besets not only the inexperienced but also experienced.
STAGE FRIGHT
Some _ are: thumping of the heart,
gasping, tense muscles, dry mouth, profuse perspiration, irregular breathing, quivering
voice, stomach pain, shaking legs, and stuttering.
PHYSICAL MANIFESTATIONS of STAGE FRIGHT
To CONTROL stage fright, adapt the following guide to your specific needs:
DAYS BEFORE THE SPEECH:
a) Choose a subject that _, one that you know very well, and one that you
can talk enthusiastically about.
b) Know your _ thoroughly. Be well prepared.
c) Learn the _ of your speech.
d) Practice _.
ON THE DAY OF YOUR SPEECH:
a) Chat with others. Keep your mind _ to make you feel relaxed.
b) Concentrate on the _. Listen to the speakers.
c) Breathe _. This has a calming effect on the whole body.
d) Walk to the platform _. Regardless of how you feel, walk with POISE and
CONFIDENCE.
e) _ before starting.
WHILE SPEAKING:
a) Have _ with your audience.
b) Make sure that you can be _ throughout the room.
c) _ about.
d) Concentrate on your _ and _. Do not be self-conscious; instead, be
eager to share your ideas with your audience.
e) Consult your _ where your final speech outline is written down, in case you
forget.
f) Do not _ your speech.
interests you
subject
sequence
aloud
off the speech
proceedings
slowly and regularly
confidently
Pause
eye to eye contact
heard
Move
subject and audience
note card
rush
Communicative effectiveness can be increased by means of _&_. These ARE NOT mere decorations of speech. They are INTEGRAL PARTS of the communication process.
appearance and bodily action
INCREASING COMMUNICATIVE EFFECTIVENESS
A. _ – dress appropriately and let your clothes be
in harmony with the occasion.
B. _ – a speaker’s posture and poise include STANDING,
WALKING and SITTING. No single posture is best for everyone but we can definitely say
that a speaker’s good posture should look NATURAL, neither tense nor rigid; alert yet at
ease and should allow freedom of bodily movements and ease of breathing.
C. _ – natural gestures used freely can add to the
message. Every speaker gives “two” speeches simultaneously – one with words and one
with action. The size of the audience determines the expanse of action.
*_ – a study of bodily motions (as a form of communication).
Clothes and Personal Appearance
Posture and Poise
Gestures and Body Language
KINESICS
BASIC HAND GESTURES:
I. _ – help the speaker stress what he/she is saying.
i. POINTING
ii. DIVIDING – this indicates separation or distinction of a series of facts or ideas.
iii. DESCRIBING/IMITATING
iv. APPROVAL OR DISAPPROVAL
v. GIVING AND RECEIVING
vi. REJECTING OR RESTRAINING
vii. EMPHASIZING
II. _ – moving fingers to enumerate points
_
• Audience ordinarily pays more attention to this more than the arm and hand movement.
EMPHATIC GESTURES
TRANSITIONAL GESTURES
HEAD AND FACIAL GESTURES