Animal and human genomics and genetic diseases
What is a mutation?
A mutation is a change in DNA that affects genetic information.
How do spontaneous mutations occur?
They occur naturally at a low rate during normal cell cycles fue to DNA breaks, incorrect DNA repair and replication errors.
What is the base mutation rate?
The base mutation rate is the speed at which spontaneous mutatuons occur in DNA.
How can mutations be induced?
Mutations can be induced by mutagens that increase the mutation rate.
What are mutagens?
Mutagens are natural or human made physical or chemical agents that alter DNA structure or sequence.
What are chemical mutagens?
Chemicals that cause mutations by altering DNA bases or DNA structure.
How do base analogues such as bromouracil cause mutations?
They substitute for normal DNA base and pair incorrectly.
How does nitrous acid act as a mutagen?
It alters the chemical structure and pairing properties of DNA bases.
How do intercalating agents like ethidium bromide cause mutations?
They insert between DNA bases.
How do peroxides cause DNA mutations?
They alter DNA structure through oxidative damage.
How doee radiation act as a mutagen?
Ionizing radiation damages DNA by breaking strands or altering bades.
What is the effect of mutations in somatic cells?
They cannot be inherited but can cause disease such as cancer.