MB2-NBCD pt. 1
In general, all cells have:
I.plasma membrane 2.mitochondria 3. nucleus 4. endoplasmic reticulum
1&3
The main sites of oxygen use in cells and responsible for energy production.
mitochondria
The largest of the organelles in the cell.
nucleus
Organelles of cells that contain digestive enzymes which break up proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids.
lysosomes
Phase of protein synthesis which involves the synthesis of daughter DNA molecules that are identical to the parent DNA.
replication
In this phase of protein synthesis, genetic information in a mRNA molecule specifies the sequence of amino acids in protein production.
translation
Accessory organs provide or store secretions that are delivered to the lumen of the digestive tract.
1.liver 2.pancreas 3.salivary glands 4.gallbladder
1,2,3&4
Hormone that acts in the stomach releasing gastric acid secretions such as hydrochloric acid and pepsin
gastrin
The sum of the processes by which living organisms utilize food for energy, growth and development, and maíntenance
nutrition
The act of taking food into the body and swallowing it
ingestion
Breaking down food into small particles by biting and chewing with teeth and jaws
mastication
The process by which complex foods are broken down chemically to their smaller parts in the GIT.
digestion
The process by which digested food material passes through the epithelial cells of the GIT into the blood or lymph.
absorption
The separation and elimination of waste matter and water from the blood,tissues, or organs.
excretion
It is theextent of digestion and absorption of a nutrient and the amount available for cell
utilization.
bioavailability
The second stage of carbohydrate metabolism which takes place in the mitochondria and requires oxygen.
oxidative decarboxylation
Vessels where the exchange of oxygen, nutrient, and water products takes place.
capillaries
The decomposition of one glucose molecule produces:
38 molecules of ATP
Sources of glucose except for:
fat
All are secretions of the endocrine glands which regulate metabolic rate except:
oxytocin
The most variable component of the body's total energy expenditure.
physical activity
The largest contributor/s to individual's energy needs.
basal metabolism
The major site of digestion of food and absorption of nutrients.
small intestine
The form of energy used in most metabolic processes.
chemical energy
All processes add to the level of glucose in the blood except:
glycogenesis
Coenzyme required in oxidative decarboxylation.
TPP
Glycogenesis is the:
formation or synthesis of glycogen.
End products of the anaerobic phase of glucose metabolism
pyruvate and lactic acid
Polysaccharides are long chains of monosaccharide units which include the following except:
dextrin
Fatty acids concentrated in animal foods such as chicken, beef, pork and dairy products and in palm and coconut oil.
saturated fatty acids
It is the pathway wherein glucose is converted to glycogen to enable the body to have a reserve of quick energy.
glycogenesis
Synthesized from lysine and methionine, the compound is important in lipid metabolism,carrying long-chain fatty acids to the mitochondria for beta-oxidation.
carnitine
Tissue/s that can use glucose only for energy in normal conditions.
brain and nervous system
During the fasting stage, one of the following occurs:
glycogen breakdown
Which of the following foods is likely to keep an individual satiated for the longest period of time?
a bean and cheese burrito
Carbohydrates contain:
carbon,hydrogen,oxygen
Omega-3 fatty acids are:
found in walnuts and fish.
It breaks down polypeptides in the small intestine:
protease
All proteins contain:
carbon,oxygen,hydrogen,nitroge
Cortisol, epinephríne, and glucagon are:
catabolic hormones
Which of the following statements is true of riboflavin?
It is water-soluble.
Which of the following individuals has possibly the greatest percentage of body fluid?
A healthy infant of average weight.
Oxidation is a process in which:
an atom loses an electron.
Calcium is necessary for several body functions including:
structure of bone, nerve transmission, and muscle contraction
Hydroxyapatite crystals are predominantly made up of:
calcium and phosphorus
Which of the following statements about iron is true?
Iron is a component of hemoglobin, myoglobin, and certain enzymes.
Homocysteine is a:
by-product of incomplete methionine metabolism.
It can be used as an indirect measure of BMR
thyroid function tests
B vitamíns which act as coenzymes in the breakdown of glucose and glycogen for oxidation.
thiamin, riboflavin,niacin
As BMR rises, there is an increased need for:
thiamin,riboflavin,niacin
Conditions which decrease calcium absorption except:
steatorrhea
Site of calcium,magnesium, iron, and chloride absorption.
duodenum (key minerals (Ca) (Mg) (Fe)(Cl))
Multivitamin supplement is appropriate when:
patient has chronic debilitating illness
Glossitis is caused by a deficiency of:
B complex vitamins
All are functions of bile except:
carrier of Vits.A,D,E,K
Physiological actions of dietary fiber except:
it improves mineral absorption
.Which of the following is not a function of the kidneys?
it activates Vit.A
The recommended daily intake of dietary fiber for Filipinos.
20-25 grams
Carbohydrate digestions starts in the________ and is completed in the________
mouth;small intestines
Fatty acids formed by hydrogenation of unsaturated fats, converting them from liquid oils into semisolid fats.
trans-fatty acids
Two amino acids identified as totally indispensable, having no metabolic precursors:
lysine & threonine
Used as the reference protein due to its well-balanced amino acid composition.
egg
Hormone secreted by duodenal cells that stimulates the pancreas to release the bicarbonate-rich pancreatic juice.
secretin
A measure of the nutrients a food provides in relation to the energy it provides.
nutrient density
Process of fatty acid oxidation which occurs in the mitochondria.
beta oxidation
A cofactor for the release of energy from carbohydrate, protein, and fat.
magnesium
Which of the following oils is lowest in saturated fat?
canola oil
A slice of apple pie supplies 350 kcalories with 3 grams of fiber; an appie provides.80kcalories and the same 3 grams of fiber. This is an example of:
nutrient density
Principal organs in metabolism are:
digestive organs, liver, pancreas, circulatory system,kidneys
Mineral needed to keep the heart beat steady and plays a major role in maintaining fluid and electrolyte balance
potassium
The key substance or starting point of the Krebs cycle
pyruvic acid
Eating foods containing Vit. C at the same meal can increase the absorption of which mineral?
iron
It is a precursor of a compound involved in the transfer of methyl groups during purine biosynthesis.
folic acid
It is an important constituent of acetyl CoA.
pantothenic acid
It functions in glutathione peroxidase
selenium
Which enzyme has a zymogen?
pepsin
Lipoprotein with the highest protein content.
HDL
Hormone that controls water excretion.
vasopressin
All function in normal blood formation except:
biotin
Minerals that are effective antioxidants except:
Cr
Two vitamins whose requirements are based on an individual's energy intake.
B1& B2
All are needed for the conversion of tryptophan to niacin except:
Zn
When taken in large amounts, the vitamín can mask the signs of pernicious anemia.
folate
It competes with calcium for absorption.
Mg
It protects folate from oxidative destruction.
Vit.C
Which of the following statements about ascorbic acid is incorrect?
Its requirements varies with the caloric intake.
Which of the following statements about niacin is/are true?
I. Niacin forms a part of the structure NADP.
2. Niacin is derived from the degradation of tryptophan.
3.Níacin is involved as electron acceptor in catabolic reactions.
4. Niacin is a constituent of FAD.Y
A = if I, 2, & 3 are correct
Vitamin B12:
I. participates in the conversion of homocysteine to methionine.
2.contains cobalt.
3.when injected to patients with pernicious anemia, overcomes the lack of intrinsic factor.
4. can be obtained from peas and carrots.
A = if 1, 2, & 3 are correct
Vitamin D:
I.increases calcium absorption from the intestine.
2. is not required in the diet of individuals exposed to sunlight.
3. is not really a vitamin since it can be synthesized in humans.
4.opposes the effect of parathyroid hormone.
A = if 1, 2, & 3 are correct
Vitamin K:
I. plays an essential role in preventing thrombosis.
2. decreases the coagulation time in newborn infants with hemorrhagic disease.
3. is present in high concentration in breast milk.
4.is synthesized by intestinal bacteria.
D= all are correct
Alpha-tocopherol:
I. functions primarily as an antioxidant.
2. deficiency is commonly found in adults.
3. requirements increase wvith the amount of polyunsaturated fatty acids in the diet.
4.is found in high concentrations in whole grains and cereals
B= 1 & 3 are correct
in humans, amíno acids can be used:
I. as building blocks for the biosynthesis of protein..
2. for the synthesis of tissue proteins.
3. as sources of energy.
4. as carriers of other small molecules in body fluids.
A = 1, 2, & 3 are correct
Vitamin A:
I. can be enzymically formed from dietary beta-carotene.
2. is transported from the intestine to the liver in chylomicrons.
3. is the light-absorbing portion of rhodopsin.
4. is phosphorylated and dephosphorylated during the visual cycle.
A =1, 2, & 3 are correct
Adult requirements for water:
I liter/1000 kcal
Characterized by microcytic, hypochromic anemia.
.iron deficiency
Due to its many roles in amino acid metabolism, its dietary needs are proportional to protein intake:
B6
.Body water is lost mainly through:
urine
It covers all the chemical changes that go in the different body tissues,including both synthetic and degradative pathways.
metabolism
The sum of processes by which living organisms utilizes food for energy, growth and development, and maintenance.
nutrition
Absorption is the same as:
assimilation