729 Exam - important concepts
What are the Sphere principles and foundations (refer to diagram in lectures) including the Minimum standards
3: Humanitarian Charter, Protection Principles and Core Humanitarian Standards
4 Minimum standards:
- Water Supply, Sanitation and Hygiene Promotion
- Food Security and Nutrition
- Shelter and Settlement
- Health
What does CIMS stand for:
Coordinated Incident Management System
what is PEEL?
Point: State the point of topic / topic sentence
Evidence: Back it up with support in the form of evidence from the text
Explain: Explain how the evidence supports your point and eleborate (facts, description, examples etc)
Link: Link back to the point & link this point to the next point in the following paragraph.
What is a disaster?
A serious disruption of the functioning of a community or a society at any scale due to hazardous events interacting with conditions of expposure, vulnerability and capacity, leading to one or more of the following: human, material, economic and environmental losses and impacts (UNDRR)
In short:
A disaster will only occur if a natural hazard impacts upon a vulnerable community who are exposed to the hazard.
Explain why there are no natural disasters
There are no such things as natural disasters as disasters are not primarily caused by natural hazards, but rather due to the interaction of hazards in relation to human vulnerability and capacity in relation to the RISK equation. The RISK equation is defined as hazards, multiplied by exposure, multiplied by vulnerability. This consists of hazards, which happen to occur naturally, such as earthquakes, tsunamis etc. Exposure refers to the exposure of these hazards to the presence of communities and individuals. Lastly, vulnerability is the vulnerability of these communities and individuals to those hazards, which refers to how susceptible they are to harm. An example of this, is that the presence of a wildfire in a deserted area with no exposure to people and infrastructure is defined as a “natural disaster”.
What is a hazard?
A process, phenomenon or human activity that may cause loss of life, injury or other health impacts, property damage, social and economic disruption or environmental degradation.
Simplified: Something that may cause loss of life or injury / health impacts
along with; property damage, social and economic disruption or environmental degradation.
What is a natural hazard? List examples
The threat of a naturally occurring event that can cause damage to the environment and the people living in it.
- earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, floods, tsunamis, wildfires hurricanes etc
What is exposure?
An indicator of the number of people who may be affected, without any protection, by a particular natural hazard
What is vulnerability?
The potential of an individual or group to be harmed by a natural hazard
What is the Disaster / Emergency Management Cycle
Disaster -> Response -> Rehabilitation & Recovery -> Prevention and Mitigation -> Preparedness
What are Post-Disaster Recover Phases?
Emergency -> restoration - > reconstruction 1 -> reconstruction 2 etc
What is disaster relief?
Where disaster response is mainly focused on immediate and short-term needs
What is Rehabilitation?
The restoration of basic services and facilities for the functioning of a community or a society affected by a disaster
What are the Recovery Transition Phases:
Disaster -> response -> recovery -> long term reconstruction and development
What are some of the SDG's? (Sustainable Development Goals)
- No poverty
- Zero Hunger
- Good health and well being
- Quality education
- Gender equality
- Clean water and sanitation
- Climate action
How do disasters impact SDG's
5 SDG's mainly impacted:
- No povery
- Zero hunger
- Good health and well being
- Gender equality
- Decent work and economic growth
Impacts:
- More people in poverty and hunger
- Women and girls at greater risk of gender based violence
- People losing jobs
- Greater risk of health disruptions (greater risk of preventable diseases)
What are some Humanitarian Actors?
- The UN
- Red cross and red crescent movement
- NGO's (non governmental orgs) (non profit)
- Foreing military (NZDF)
- Assisting governments (NZ foreign affairs)
- Private sector
What is NEMA?
National disaster management agency
List some clusters and their supporting organisations
- Health (WHO)
- Nutrition (UNICEF)
- Protection (UNHCR)
- Water, sanitation and hygiene (UNICEF)
- Food and security (WFP & FAO)
- Shelter (IFRC/UNCHR)
What is the Sphere Handbooks two core beliefs:
- People affected by disaster or conflict have the right to life with dignity and therefore the right to assistance
- All possible steps should be taken to alleviate human suffering arising out of disaster or conflict
What are the sphere standards in context?
- not a how to guide
But they are "minimum standards" in place for people to survive and recover from crisis with dignity
What is the Humanitarian Charter?
Provides the ethical and legal backdrop to the
- Protection Principles
- Core Humanitarian Standards
- Minimum standards
in the Sphere Handbook
Humanitarian Charter Beliefs:
- right to receive protection and assistance & a life of dignity
- all human beings are born free and equal (in dignity and rights)
- humanitarian imperative -> actions should be taken to prevent or alleviate human suffering arising out of disaster or conflict
What is the Code of Conduct wityh context:
- 10 Core Principles
- Voluntary code
- in event of armed conflictL COC is to be applied with the IHL (international humanitarian law)
Protection Principles fall under what? And what are the principles (4)?
1. People's safety, dignity & rights
2. Access to impartial assistance without discrimination
3. Assistance to recover from physical and psychological effects
4. Help those claim their rights
What is OCHA?
United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs.
It's a UN agency that plays a vital role in coordinating global emergency responses to save lives and protect people during humanitarian crises.
What is UNICEF?
United Nations Childrens Fund
What is WFP?
World Food Programme
- most funding
- under FAO (UN Food and Argicultural Org)
What is WHO?
World Health Organisation
Why Clusters?
- common strategy
- good practices
- avoid duplication
- share info
- address gaps
- more effective & accountable
- develop objectives
What are the Classical Humanitarian Principles?
- Impartiality
- Independence
- Neutrality
- Humanity
- Exceptionalism
What are examples of Humanitarian Inequalities?
- tensions between principles and practice
- inequalities between humanitarians and beneficiaries
- inequalities among humanitarians
What is IHRL?
International Human Rights Laws
- At all times
- Only binding on states
- Relations between states and individuals
- Derogation (relaxing laws) allowed during time of emergency
- Questionable extraterritorial application
- Soft Law
What is IHL?
International Humanitarian Law
- Only applied in arm conflict
- Binding on state and non-state actors
- Relations between parties during armed conflict
- No derrogation of IHL (relaxation of law) is allowed
- Unquestionable extraterritorial application
- Not soft law (hard law)