Hydrology
Incoming Solar Energy
100%
Reflected by atmosphere
6%
Reflection by Clouds
20%
reflected from the Earth's surface
4%
Radiated from clouds and atmosphere
64%
Absorbed by atmosphere
16%
Absorbed by clouds
3%
Conduction and rising Air
7%
Absorbed by land and oceans
51%
Radiated directly to space from earth
6%
Radiation absorbed by atmosphere
15%
Carried to clouds and atmosphere by latent heat in water vapor
23%
what Albedo percent in moon?
6%-8%
What albedo percent in fresh snow?
80%-95%
What albedo percent in grass?
25%-30%
What albedo percent in water bodies?
10%-60%
Earths Albedo (Average)
31%
What albedo percent in dark roof?
8%-18%
What albedo percent in light roof?
35%-50%
What albedo percent in brick, stone?
20%-40%
What albedo percent in Concrete, dry?
17%-27%
What albedo percent in Asphalt?
5%-10%
What albedo percent in Crops, grasslands?
10%-25%
What albedo percent in forest?
10%-20%
Albedo of Soil
0.05-0.40
Albedo of Sand
0.15-0.45
Albedo of grass
0.16-0.26
Albedo of Agricultural Crops
0.18-0.25
Albedo of tundra
0.18-0.25
Albedo of forest
0.05-0.20
Albedo of water
0.03-1.00
Albedo of snow
0.40-0.95
Albedo of Ice
0.20-0.45
Albedo of Clouds
0.30-0.90
SPF
Sun Protection Factor
SPF 15 allow to stay for how many minutes?
150 minutes
How many Photons will enter in your skin if your not applying sunscreen?
100 Photons
How many Photons will enter in your skin if your applying sunscreen SPF 15 (93% PROTECTION)?
7 Photons
How many Photons will enter in your skin if your applying sunscreen SPF 30 (97% protection) ?
3 Photons
SPF 50
98%
Solar constant
1374W/m²
Is the driver of hydrology on Earth
Sun
Sun Is the farthest from the earth( occurs about July 4) about 152 million km.
Aphelion
Sun is nearest from the earth (occurs about January 3) about 147 million km.
Perihelion
Sun passes directly over the equator or when the sun's apparent path and plane of the Earth's equator coincide.
Equinox
When the sun's apparent path is displaced farthest north or south from the Earth's equator.
Solstice
The Earth's axis is always tilted at an angle of about ...
23.45 degrees
The overall effect of the solar energy received by the earth is the circulation of air on a global scale.
Three-cell global circulation
Is a Wind blowing from land out towards a body of water.
Land Breeze
Is a wind blowing from the water onto the land.
Sea Breeze
Daily Condition of the atmosphere
Weather
Long term average of weather conditions: mean annual temperature, mean total percentage, etc.
Climate
The outermost layer. Has a very low density.
Exosphere
An instrument measuring atmospheric pressure
Barometer
In this layer appear the northern lights its high temperature destroys the meteorites.
Ionosphere
It is the coolest layer of the atmosphere (-80°)
Mesosphere
It contains the ozone layer that protects Earth from the ultraviolet rays.
Stratosphere
In this Layer appears meteorological and climatic phenomena.
Troposphere
Measures wind speed.
Anemometer
Is the amount of water vapor found in the air
Humidity
Amoint ( in % ) of water vapor that is present in the air at a given time compared to the maximum percentage of water vapor the air is capable of holding.
Relative Humidity
What are the corona classification
there are 4 classification
Two pronounced wet and dry season: wet during the months of June to November and Dry from December to May.
type 1
No dry season with a very pronounced maximum rain period in December, January and February
type 2
No pronounced maximum rain period and short dry season lasting from one to three months.
type 3
Uniformly distributed rainfall
tupe 4
What is ITCZ
Inter-tropical Convergence Zone
Seasonal reversing wind with corresponding changes in precipitation and atmospheric circulation.
Monsoon
Northern Monsoon
Amihan
Southern Monsoon
Habagat
Elongated area of relatively low pressure reguon
Easterly Waves
Hurricane
Northeast Pacific Ocean and Atlantic Ocean
Typhoon
Northwest Pacific Ocean
Cyclone
Southern Pacific Ocean and Indian Ocean
Defines the wind speed and direction based on elevation
Ekman Spiral of Wind
Why is global circulation is forced continuously?
Coriolis Force Due to rotation
A statistical Method used to determine the probability of occurrence of a specific hydrologic event.
Frequency Analysis
Is a Technique used by Hydrologist
Flood Frequency Analysis
What are the Characteristics of Rainfall
- Intensity (mm/hr)
- Duration (min, hours, days)
- Areal Extent (m², ha) area of distribution
- Frequency ( once in 25, 50 or 100 years )
Vector results
-Health Impact
-Accidents
Building Damage
-Cars and Machines
-Household
Economic Losses
-Trade losses
-Damage goods
Traffic Delays
-School Suspension
-Trucking Business
Statistical Hydrology ( Time Period of Interest )
N
Statistical Hydrology ( Probability of Occurrence )
P
Statistical Hydrology ( Recurrence interval or return period )
T
Is the Average number of years during which a storm of given magnitude may be expected to occur once. may be equalled or exceeded.
Return period
T year rainfall may occur in a series of N years
Probability of Exceedance
T year rainfall may not occur in a series of N years
Probability of Non Exceedance
If the probability of exceedance is 0.5%, the return period is?
200 years
If the return period is 50 years, the probability of non exceedance is?
98%
The probability that a 50 years return period daily rainfall to occur within 40 years is?
55.43%