ima fail rq
What is protein made of?
21 building blocks called amino acids
what are 5 chemicals?
Carbon, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Hydrogen, (sometimes) Sulfur
What is structure?
a linear sequence of amino acids encoded by DNA linked by peptide bonds
What is function?
depends on their 3D shape
What are the things that amino acids do?
Enzymes, Defense, Transport, Structure, Storage, Communicate
What is size?
smaller than the wavelength of light
What is Point Mutation?
happens when 1 base is substituted for another base
What is frameshift mutation?
either adding or removing from the system
Does a mutation in DNA always result in an amino acid mutation?
no. because if you get the same amino acid, then there's no change so not a mutation
What are 2 reasons for DNA replication?
1. getting a cell to divide
2. make proteins
What is Transcription?
when 2 copies of DNA have been made. during this, the codons contain code for amino acids (proteins).
when editing is completed..?
new strands of mRNA leave the nuclear pores
What is the process of Translation?
1. initiation; subunit attaches and starts at first codon AUG.then, large ribosome unit combines to create a capsule
2. Elongation; ribosome travels along allowing each new tRNA to enter attach to the previous peptide, and form the next complementary codon. This creates a long chain of amino acids in a process called Protein Synthesis.
3. Termination; synthesis continues until it reaches a stop codon, and then the ribosome detaches. Newly formed amino acids are released.
What are the 4 bases used in a nucleotide?
1. Adenine
2. Thymine
3. Guarine
4. Cytosine
In RNA..
uracile replaces thymine
DNA?
Deoxyribonucleic acid
Metabolism?
The sum of a chemical process an organism uses to get energy from food to grow and function
Law of Conservation
we can't create energy so..
1. Anabolism-builds molecules and stores energy
2. Catabolism-breaking down molecules and releasing energy
What is energy's currency?
ATP
what is ATP made of?
3 phosphates, responsible for releasing and storing energy
ATP is stored energy. what happens when a cell needs energy?
ATP + water react to take one phosphate away from APT. This creates ADP
Why study DNA?
Understanding the structure and function of DNA has helped the investigation of disease pathways, assess an individual's genetic susceptibility to specific diseases, diagnose genetic disorders, and formulate new drugs.
what are the 3 parts of a nucleotide?
1. Sugar
2. Nitrogenous Base
3. Phosphate Group
What is DNA?
A molecule that contains the genetic code that is unique to every individual.
What does the chain contain?
nucleotides
What is RNA?
Ribonucleic acid
What are the base pairs?
Thymine-Adenine and Guanine-Cytosine
Autotroph?
makes the food
Heterotroph?
eats food for energy
Explain how a heterotroph processes food and turns it into energy
it takes food, processes it breaks it down then turns it into either ATP or ADP
ATP?
your stored energy
Explain the difference between anabolism and catabolism
anabolism is the making of energy, but catabolism is the taking the energy out of storage and using it
ADP?
using energy
Why is DNA called a double helix?
bc it has 2 strands held together by hydrogen bonds
What are 3 ways DNA/RNA are different?
RNA is single-stranded while DNA is doubled, sugar is called Ribose and RNA and Deoxribose in DNA, Nitrogen base uracil replaces thymine in RNA