Lesson 2: Political and leadership Structure
The system a country uses to organize its government. It shows who has the power and how decisions are made. Thus, it refers to the organized system of governance in a society.
Political Structure
President is both the head of state and the head of
government.
Presidential form of government
The head of government is typically a prime minister, and the head of state may be a different figure (such as a monarch or president with limited powers).
Parliamentary System
The President leads the country’s administration, implements laws, and represents the country in international affairs.
Executive Branch
Also known as the "Congress". Made up of 24 senators who are elected nationwide as well as of district and party-list representatives.They work with the Senate to pass laws that affect the country.
Legislative Branch
Legislation that operates with two houses
Bicameral Legislature
Officials that serve six-year terms and help draft, debate, and approve laws. 12 are voted on the Election and anither 12 are voted mid-term of a president.
Senators
Officials elected from specific geographic areas.
District Representatives
Officials that came from various sectors of society.
Party-list Representatives
An independent branch of government responsible for interpreting and applying laws through its courts, including the Supreme Court, the Court of Appeals, and various trial courts. It ensures the fair administration of justice by handling civil, criminal, and administrative cases based on the rule of law. It operates under a hierarchical structure, with the Supreme Court at the top, having the power of judicial review to ensure laws and executive actions comply with the Constitution.
Judiciary Branch
Spearheaded by the Chief Justice, these justices operate in the Supreme Court and must obtain a Bachelors of Law (LLB) as well as passed the Bar Examination.
14 Incumbent Justices
The highest court in the Philippines that makes final decisions on important legal issues and reviews lower court rulings. It ensures laws are constitutional and applies to the entire country.
Supreme Court
This court reviews decisions made by lower courts
(like Regional Trial Courts) to check for any errors in judgment or law.
Court of Appeals
A special court that handles cases related to tax disputes between the government and taxpayers.
Court of Tax Appeals
A special court that handles cases of corruption and misconduct involving government officials.
Sandiganbayan
The main trial courts that handle serious civil and criminal cases like major crimes, family disputes, and large financial claims.
Regional Trial Court (RTC)
Found in large cities, these courts deal with smaller civil and criminal cases such as minor offenses and disputes.
Metropolitan Trial Court (MeTC)
Handles minor cases like petty crimes and small claims within towns or municipalities.
Municipal Trial Court (MTC)
Similar to MTCs, but serves two or more small towns grouped under one court.
Municipal Circuit Trial Court (MCTC)
Found in areas with Muslim populations, these courts
handle personal and family law cases like marriage and inheritance
according to Islamic law.
Sharia Court
Refers to the ability to influence, direct, and guide individuals or groups towards a goal.
Leadership
A system where power is vested in the people, either directly or through elected representatives.
Democracy
A system where a single family rules over a state, often through hereditary succession.
Monarchy
The monarch holds almost complete control over the government and is not bound by a constitution or laws. Their authority is often considered divine or hereditary.
Absolute Monarchy
The monarch's powers are limited by a constitution or laws, and they often serve primarily as ceremonial figures while actual political power is held by elected officials.
Constitutional Monarchy
A system where political power
is concentrated in a single
leader or small group, often
with limited political freedoms
for citizens.
Authoritarianism
A political and economic ideology that aims to establish a classless society where all property is owned by the community.
Communism
Establishes a system of “rewards and penalties” in a work setting with clearly defined expectations.
Transactional Leadership
Leads by inspiring employees to innovate.
Transformational Leadership
Channels energy into elevating and “developing
the people who follow.
".
Servant Leadership
Uses participatory, collaborative methods to emphasize working together and “actively involve team members in the decision-making process”.
Democratic Leadership
Uses the “my way or the highway” approach to leading, dictating not only what needs to be done, but also how.
Authocratic Leadership
Utilizes a “set list of responsibilities, as well as clearly defined rules and systems” to manage others and make decisions.
Bureaucratic Leadership
Instead of micro-management, uses a completely hands-off approach by providing “necessary tools and resources” only and then letting staff members “make decisions, solve problems, and get their work accomplished” on their own.
Laissez Faire
Uses charisma and conviction to unite a team
around a shared objective.
Charismatic Leadership
Usually small, formed by several families
living together; oftentimes moving from one place
to the other to search for food. Bands are egalitarian,
meaning, all families are equal.
There is class differentiation based on gender and age
as well-defined. There is no formal leadership,
instead, those who possess special skills and
knowledge can be raised to become informal leader.
Band
"Band Splitting" ; A process observed in small, typically nomadic groups, often referred to as "bands" where the social group splits into two or more smaller units. This can happen for several reasons, usually related to social dynamics, resource management, or conflict resolution.
Band Fissioning
Some leave the band to form their own group.
Social Velocity
The band who survives fissioning and social velocity.
Tribe
More complex and larger than a band. As the population increases, there is a shifting from a basic form of livelihood to a multiple way of living. Headed by a "Village Headman" and organized through pantribal associations in the form of councils.
Tribe (Tribu)
More defined political organization. They have
more or less permanent, full time leader with real authority to make
major decisions. These leaders are referred to as the “chief”
.
Chiefdom
Characterized by a single village or community rules by a single family.
Simple Chiefdom
Composed of several simple chiefdoms ruled by a single paramount chief residing in a single paramount center.
Complex Chiefdom
A political entity with a defined territory, a
permanent population, a government, and the ability to enter
into relations with other states. It'
s essentially an organized
community under a government.
State
Refers to a group of people who share common cultural characteristics, such as language, history, or ethnicity.
Nation
The right to command. It is observed when an individual has a command to make a person do things. Such act is a response to that person’s perceived power.
Authority
A “value whereby something or someone is recognized and accepted as right and proper.
Legitimacy
Proposed that there are three types of authority
Max Weber
Based on long-standing
customs and practices. People accept
authority because it has always existed in
that way.
Traditional Authority
Comes from the personal
qualities and charisma of a leader.
People follow someone because they
believe in their vision or are inspired by
their personality.
Charismatic Authority
Based on established laws and procedures. Authority is granted to individuals through legal systems and institutions.
Legal - Rational Authority