respiration
your body uses energy from ATP for
Muscle contraction
Active transport
Building molecules
muscle use the energy in a specific order
1. ATP stored in the muscle
2. Creatine phosphate is used to rephosphorylate the ADP to ATP
3. Anaerobic respiration is able to synthesise a small concentration of ATP
4. When oxygen levels are sufficiently high, aerobic respiration provides high concentration of ATP
glycolysis process
glucose -> (-2 atp) hexose bisphosphate -> triose phosphate -> triose bisphosphate -> pyruvate (X2)
glycolysis products
2x ATP
2x Reduced NAD
2x Pyruvate
where does glycolysis happen?
Cytoplasm
components of mitochondria
Inner membrane
Outer membrane
Inter membrane space
Matrix
ATP synthphase
Cristae
cristae
Increase surface area for oxidative phosphorylation
inner mitochondrial membrane
contains molecules for electron transport chain and ATP synthase
link reaction process
1. Pyruvate is actively transported into mitochondria matrix
2. Pyruvate undergoes oxidative Decarboxylation
3. Oxidation occurs when hydrogen atoms are removed
4. Hydrogen bind to NAD forming reduced NAD
5. Two carbon acetyl groups bound by coenzyme A forming acetyl coenzyme A
link reaction
Pyruvate -> decarboxylation + oxidised NAD -> acetyl group + coenzyme A -> acetylcoenzyme A
x2 per glucose
products after glycolysis and link
x2 ATP (glycolysis)
x4 reduced NAD (2 glycolysis, 2 link)
x2 CO2 (link)
where does krebs cycle happen?
Mitochondrial matrix
krebs cycle process
acetyl CoA -> acetate -> citrate C6 -> CO2 + reduced NAD is released -> C5 -> CO2 + reduced NAD is released -> products = atp, reduced FAD, reduced NAD -> oxaloacetate
x2 per glucose
products from krebs
per glucose:
6x reduced NAD
2x reduced FAD
2x ATP
4x CO2
products so far per glucose (glycolysis, link, krebs)
4x ATP (2 glycolysis, 2 kreb)
10x reduced NAD (2 glycolysis, 2 link, 6 kreb)
2x reduced FAD (kreb)
6x CO2 (2 link, 4 kreb)
coenzymes
used to transfer protons, electrons and functional groups between the many enzyme controlled reactions
oxidative phosphorylation
H dissociate to H+ and e-, e- bind to electron carrier (reducing it), e- moves along ETC, loses energy, energy is used to pump H+ ions across membrane, creates H+ conc gradient, H+ ios pass back through ATP synthase, ADP + Pi = ATP (chemiosmosis). at end of ETC, H+ ions and e- + O2 = water. FAD + NAD coenzymes now oxidised return to earlier stages of respiration. O2 is final electron acceptor
anaerobic/aerobic
Anaerobic respiration produces for less ATP and it's less efficient than aerobic
anaerobic respiration
Without oxygen etc stops working and cells have a buildup of reduced NAD and pyruvate. Without supply of oxidised NAD, krebs, link and glycolysis all stop
lactate fermentation in mammals
Pyruvate is converted into lactate using reduced NAD to produce oxidised NAD which can be used in the glycolysis pathway by lactate dehydrogenase
alcoholic fermentation in yeast
Pyruvate is converted into ethanol and carbon dioxide by pyruvate decarboxylase and ethanol dehydrogenase (Ethanol is toxic)
respiratory substrates
Glucose is not the only molecule used to release energy to synthesise ATP
Pathway of amino acids helps in the synthesis of ATP
Fatty acids and glycerol can also feed into the respiratory pathways
respirometer
Measure volume of oxygen used up and volume of Carbon dioxide produced
Calculates the respiratory quotient
RQ=CO2 produced/O2 consumed