biology
list all the properties of an animal cell
cell membrane, mitochondria, ribosomes, nucleus, cytoplasm
list all the properties of a plant cell
cell wall, cell membrane, mitochondria, vacuole, ribosomes, chloroplasts, nucleus, cytoplasm
list the properties of the structure in a plant (top to bottom)
waxy cuticle, epidermal tissue, polisade mesophyll tissue, spongy mesophyll tissue, xylem, phloem, air space, stomata, guard cell
list the properties of a bacterial cell
cell wall, cell membrane, flagellum, plasmids, large DNA strand
what is the equation to find the magnification of a microscope?
magnification = image size ÷ actual size
What is a stem cell?
A cell that can differentiate ijto different types of specialised cells
give examples of specialised cells
nerve cells, braincells, root hair cells, red blood cells, sperm cells, egg cells, muscle cells, fat
state the process of mitosis
DNA duplicates and grows
chromosomes line up and the centre and Spindle fibres pull them apart
nuclei reforms and cell membrane splits
two daughter cells are formed
what is the definition of diffusion?
the bet movement of particles from a high concentration to a low concentration down a concentration gradient
what is thr definioof osmosis?
the net movement of water particles from a high concentration to a low concentration across a partially permeable membrane
what is the definition of active transport?
the net movement of particles from a low concentration to a high concentration across a concentration gradient, using energy
list the cell organisation
cells→tissues
tissues→organs
organs→organ systems
carbohydrase break up _ into _
carbohydrates
simple sugars
protease break up _ into _
proteins
amino acids
lipase break up _ into _
lipids/fats
glycerol
listthe process of the digestive system
enters theough the mouth, through the esophagus into the stomach, then to the small intestine, theb through the large intestine before being passed as waster through the rectum
how do you test for starch?
add a few drops of iodine, if starch is present, it will turn from orange to blue/black
how do you test for sugars?
add a few drops of Benedict, if sugars are present, it will turn from blue to brick-red
how do you test for proteins?
add a few drops of biuret solution, if protein is present, it will turn from blue to purple/lilac
how do you test for lipids?
add a few drops of Sudan stain solution, if lipids are present, a distinct layer will form as the lipuds separate
list the properties of the heart and imagine where they are (answer is left top to bottom, right top to bottom)
pulmonary artery, vena cava, right atrium, two valves, right ventricle, aorta, pulmonary vein, left atrium, two valves, left ventricle
list the properties of an artery and what it does
thick muscular walls, carries blood away from the heart, carries blood at high oressure due to a small lumen (narrow pathway)
list the properties of a vein and what it does
Elastic, less muscular walls, catries blood to the heart, carries blood at low pressure due to a large lumen (wide pathway)
list the properties of a capillary
Tiny, one cell thick walls to allow for short diffusion pathway, high density to allow efficient gas exchange in the body, permeable walls to allow easy diffusion
what is the role of the xylem?
transports water from the roots up to the rest of the olant through transpiration
what is the role of the phloem?
transports food up and down the plant, through translocation
what are the four pathogens?
bacteria, fungi, protist, virus
how can communicable diseases spread?
through air, direct contact, food and water
list some ways to help prevent the spread of a disease
Staying hygienic, self isolation, getting vaccinated
what is the first line of defense?
Skin, hairs, mucus, stomach acid, lysozymes
what is the second line of defense?
phagocytes
what do phagocytes do?
engulf the pathogens and priduce digestive enzymes to destroy it
what is the third line of defense?
lymphocytes
what do lymphocytes do?
create antibodies that are y shaped proteins that bind to the antigens neutralising them or marking them for other immune cells to destroy
they also create memory cells that help recognise the same antigen much quicker, also being able to fight them off more quickly
How do vaccines work to prevent diseases?
vaccines contain weakened or dead/inactive pathogens
lymphocytes produce mmeory cells after the immube system diggts them off
wheb the dissease cokes back again, there are already memory cells that can detect the pathogens and figgt them off quicker to prevent the spread of disease
what are the stages of drug development and what is the purpose of each stage?
stage 1 - testing on human cells and tissues to check for toxicity
stage 2 - testing on animals to check for efficacy
stage 3 - clinical trial on humans and double blund placebo to check if the drug actually has effect
what is the equation for photosynthesis?
Water + carbon dioxide → glucose + oxygen
what factors do plants need to photosynthesise?
Water, sunlight,carbon dioxide, temperature, chlorophyll
what is the word equation for aerobic respiration?
oxygen + glucose → carbon dioxide + water
define metabolism
the sum of all chemical reactions in the body
what is the equation for anaerobic respiration?
glucose → lactic acid
what is oxygen debt?
the extra oxygen needed for the body to recover after exercise