pharma
manic episode + major depressive manic episodes
bipolar I disorder
major depressive episodes + hypomanic episodes
bipolar II disorder
at least one week period of abnormality and persistently elevated mode (expansive or irritable) and energy
Mania
At least two week period of either depressed mode or loss of interest or pleasure in normal activities
MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER
postulate that psychosocial stressors can result in manic or depressive episodes because various brain networks are sensitized for exaggerated and spontaneous reaction
kindling and behavioral sensitization model
decrease inhibitory neurotransmitters and increase excitatory neurotransmitter activity
GABA deficiency
denotes a variety of mental disorders
psychosis
particular kind of psychosis characterized mainly by a clear sensorium but mark thinking disturbance/disorganized and bizarre thoughts, delusions, hallucinations, inappropriate effects, and impaired psychosocial functioning.
Schizophrenia
considered to be a neurodevelopmental disorders
Schizophrenia
false beliefs that are not based on reality
Delusion
sensory experiences that are not real
Hallucination
purposeless abnormal motor activity or aggressive behavior
Catatonia
inability to begin and sustain activities
Ovolition
reduce speech
Alogia
inability to experience pleasures
Anhedonia
reduce expression of emotion via facial expression and tone
Effective flattening
withdrawal from social contacts
asocial behavior
disturbance and awareness attention and cognition delirium
Impaired attention
inability to use information immediately after learning
Impaired working memory
inability to understand information to make decisions
Impaired executive function
irrelevant degressive or confused oral proclamations
conceptual disorganization
meets the criteria for diagnosis of schizophrenia but does not meet the criteria for a specific type
Undifferentiated
another person is in love with individual
Erotomaniac
conviction of having great talent or discovery
Grandiose
delusion of having an unfaithful partner
Jealous
delusion involves the individual's belief of being conspired against,cheated spied on, followed, poisoned, maliciously maligned, harassed, or or obstructed
Persecutory
dilusion of bodily functions or sensation
Somatic
motor symptoms, rigid immobility or excessive purposeless movement
Catatonic
disorganized speech and behaviour with a flat effect
Disorganized or Hebephrenic
preoccupied with paranoid dilusions or auditory hallucinations
Paranoid
does not have acute psychosis, but some symptoms of schizophrenia remain mostly negative symptoms
Residual
is due to excessive D2 receptor
activation in the mesolimbic pathway
Positive Symptoms
due to low Dopamine
levels in nigrostriatal pathway
Extra-Pyramidal Symptoms
due to low dopamine in
mesocortical pathway
Negative Symptoms
deficiency in activity of glutamate at the glutamate synapse
Glutamate Hypothesis
high levels of Serotonin in brain (5HT2A receptor activation)
Serotonin Hypothesis