respiratory system
What is Human Respiration?
-The human respiratory system allows one to obtain oxygen, eliminate carbon dioxide
- It also regulates body pH (normal body ph is around 7.4)
- It plays important function during speech production.
Types of respiration
1. External Respiration
2. Internal respiration
3. cellular respiration
-(ventilation) Exchange of gases between lungs and atmosphere
1. External Respiration
-Exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between blood and body cells (All cells require oxygen for metabolism and they also require means to remove carbon dioxide which is a waste product of cellular metabolic activities)
2. Internal respiration
is the release of energy from the breakdown of food in the presence of oxygen within every living cell
3. Cellular respiration
is the actual mechanical intake of air
Breathing
breathingconsists of two phases:
1. Inhalation
2. Exhalation
- the process of taking in air
- Body gets oxygen from the air
- Rib muscles contract to pull ribs up and out
- Diaphragm muscle contracts to pull down the lungs
- Tissue expands to force (pull) in air.
1. Inhalation
- the process of blowing out air (Get rid of carbon dioxide)
- Often exhaling is a passive event.
- Rib muscles relax
- Diaphragm muscle relaxes
- Tissue returns to resting position and forces (pushes) air out
2. Exhalation
Number of breath per minute ( 14-24 breaths/min normal RR for adults)
Respiratory rate (RR)
Respiratory rate (RR)
Number of breath per minute ( _________ breaths/min normal RR for adults and for___________ normal RR newborn)
- 14-24 breaths/min
- 30-60 breaths/min
The amount of air that goes in and out of the lungs during each normal breath (it amounts to 500 ml in an average young man)
Tidal volume
- Is the total amount of new air that moves into the lungs each minute.
- This is equal to the tidal volume X respiratory rate.
-Example: 500 ml X 16 breaths/min=8000 ml or 8L
Minute Respiratory Volume
“absence” or cessation of breathing
Apnea (apneic patient)
- difficulty of Breathing
Dyspnea
- abnormally fast or rapid breathing
Tachypnea
- abnormally slow or rapid breathing
Bradypnea
Breathing is controlled by the respiratory centers found in the in the __________________ to keep up with body’s demands.
brain stem (pons and medulla oblongata)
Increase in______ and decrease ________ stimulate the respiratory center to increase the rate of respiration.
- CO2
- body pH
Human Respiratory System Components:
Pathway of Inhaled Air:
Nasal cavity
Pharynx (Throat)
Larynx (Voice Box)
Trachea (Windpipe)
Bronchi
Bronchioles
Alveoli (Site of gas exchange)
The____ is the first and last organ that air passes through.
It has bony and cartilaginous parts.
It has sebaceous and sweat glands and hair follicles known as vibrissae, which catch the dirt or other impurities that may be in the air.
The nasal septum separates the two nasal cavities.
The nasal mucosa is coated with a moist mucus membrane which warms the air if it is too cool, and moistens the air if it is dry.
Though not related to respiration, your nose also helps you to speak, and is the organ that gives you the power to smell.
The Nose
The external opening of the nose is known as ______________
nostrils or nares.
The skin part of the nasal cavities behind the nostrils is known as the _____
vestibule.
It has sebaceous and sweat glands and hair follicles known as ____________, which catch the dirt or other impurities that may be in the air.
vibrissae
The _________, most commonly known as the throat.
A funnel-shaped area located between the mouth and the larynx. the pharynx is divided into three regions: the nasopharynx, the oropharynx, and the laryngopharynx.
It serves as a common passageway for both food and air.
The Pharynx
A funnel-shaped area located between the mouth and the larynx. the pharynx is divided into three regions: the _________________
- nasopharynx,
- oropharynx
- laryngopharynx.
- Also known as the voice box. Since it contains the vocal cords for voice production
- It opens above to the laryngopharyx and it is continuous to the trachea below.
The framework of the_______ is made up of cartilage which are connected by membranes and ligaments and moved by muscles.
The Larynx
The major cartilages that make up your larynx include:
oThyroid cartilage- the adam’s apple
oCricothyroid- a complete ring of cartilage below the thyroid cartilage.
oEpiglottis- a leaf-shaped elastic cartilage that guards the entrance of the larynx (prevents food to enter the larynx)
oArytenoid cartilage
oCorniculate cartilages
oCuneiform cartilages
windpipe connects the larynx to the bronchi.
o(it starts at the lower border of the cricoid cartilage and ends by dividing into two main bronchi)
is made up of between 16 and 20 cartilage rings in the shape of a "U". The open part of the "U" shape is covered with the Trachealis muscle
is lined with ciliated epithelium coated with mucus. The trap foreign materials in the trachea are transported by the movement or “beating” of the cilia towards the pharyngeal area which either ingested or sneezed off.
Trachea
The trachea is made up of between 16 and 20 cartilage rings in the shape of a "U". The open part of the "U" shape is covered with the __________
Trachealis muscle
The trachea is lined with ______________ with mucus. The trap foreign materials in the trachea are transported by the movement or “beating” of the cilia towards the pharyngeal area which either ingested or sneezed off.
ciliated epithelium coated
the different Lung Sounds
Lung Sounds
1. Crackles or rales
2. Rhonchi
3. Stridor
4. Wheezing
5. pleural rub
- fine, bubbling sound heard on auscultation of the lung. Produced by air entering the distal airways and alveoli that contain serous secretions.
ex:
- hangin may putok
- fire crackling
- hair between finger
Crackles or rales
- abnormal, coarse, rattling respiratory sounds, usually caused by secretions in the bronchial airways.
ex:
- bagan motor
- continuous, low pitched
- bubbling or rattling
- inspiration and expiration
Rhonchi
- abnormal, high-pitched, musical sound caused by an upper airway obstruction (subglottic).
ex:
- nagtatangis na hmmmmm..
- loud, high pitch
- whistling
- crewing
Stridor
- form of rhonchi, characterized by a high pitched, musical quality. Produced in the lower airways (bronchioles)
ex:
- whale sound
- high pitch, continous
- whistlinh
Wheezing
- inflamation of pleura
-example:
- gindadagnas shhhhhhhh....
- does not change with cough
- localized
pleural rub
• The trachea branches off into two main bronchi, your left and right primary bronchi, which lead to the left and right lung respectively.
• The right main bronchus is slightly wider, shorter, and more vertical than the left main bronchus, which makes it more vulnerable to foreign body invasion. At this point in breathing, the air has been moistened, purified and warmed
• Each bronchi enters its lung and begins on a series of branches, called the bronchial or respiratory tree.
•The first of these branches is the lobar (secondary) bronchus. Each lobar bronchus branches into one lobe.
• The next branch is called the segmental (tertiary) bronchus. Each branch continues to branch into smaller and smaller bronchioles. The final branch is called the terminal bronchioles. These bronchioles are smaller than 0.5 mm in diameter.
The Bronchi
• The trachea branches off into two main bronchi, your _________ which lead to the left and right lung respectively.
left and right primary bronchi,
• Each 𝙗𝙧𝙤𝙣𝙘𝙝𝙞 enters its lung and begins on a series of branches, called the ___________.
bronchial or respiratory tree
The first of these branches is the __________. Each lobar bronchus branches into one lobe.
lobar (secondary) bronchus
• The next branch is called the _____1_____. Each branch continues to branch into smaller and smaller ____2_____. The final branch is called the ___3____. These bronchioles are smaller than 0.5 mm in diameter.
1. segmental (tertiary) bronchus
2. 𝙗𝙧𝙤𝙣𝙘𝙝𝙞𝙤𝙡𝙚𝙨
3. 𝙩𝙚𝙧𝙢𝙞𝙣𝙖𝙡 𝙗𝙧𝙤𝙣𝙘𝙝𝙞𝙤𝙡𝙚𝙨
• Sac-like or cup shaped structures at the end of the bronchioles that are grouped in clusters. (They resemble bunches of grapes)
• A network of capillaries surrounds each alveolus.
• 𝙩𝙝𝙚 𝙛𝙪𝙣𝙘𝙩𝙞𝙤𝙣𝙖𝙡 𝙧𝙚𝙨𝙥𝙞𝙧𝙖𝙩𝙤𝙧𝙮 units in the lung where gases are exchanged
° Oxygen diffuses into the blood.
° Carbon dioxide in the blood diffuses into the alveolus.
• The lung has many millions of alveoli, which gives your lungs an incredible surface area for gas exchange.
The Alveoli
• 𝙩𝙝𝙚 𝙛𝙪𝙣𝙘𝙩𝙞𝙤𝙣𝙖𝙡 ________ in the lung where gases are exchanged
° Oxygen diffuses into the blood.
° Carbon dioxide in the blood diffuses into the alveolus.
𝙧𝙚𝙨𝙥𝙞𝙧𝙖𝙩𝙤𝙧𝙮 𝙪𝙣𝙞𝙩𝙨
• Composed of the right and left ______
•The 𝙍𝙞𝙜𝙝𝙩 𝙡𝙪𝙣𝙜 consists of 𝙩𝙝𝙧𝙚𝙚 𝙡𝙤𝙗𝙚𝙨 (superior, middle, inferior lobes) separated by a horizontal fissure and 𝙤𝙗𝙡𝙞𝙦𝙪𝙚 𝙛𝙞𝙨𝙨𝙪𝙧𝙚.
•The left lung consists of two lobes (superior and inferior lobes) separated by an oblique fissure.
•The walls of the thoracic cavity and the lungs are covered by a membrane known as 𝙋𝙡𝙚𝙪𝙧𝙖𝙚.
•The visceral pleura is the delicate serous membrane that covers the surface of each lung and dips into the fissures between the lobes.
•The parietal pleura is the outer membrane which is attached to the inner surface of the thoracic cavity..
•Between the membranes is a fluid filled space called the pleural cavity.
The Lungs
•The 𝙍𝙞𝙜𝙝𝙩 𝙡𝙪𝙣𝙜 consists of 𝙩𝙝𝙧𝙚𝙚 𝙡𝙤𝙗𝙚𝙨 (___________) separated by a __________ and _________.
- superior, middle, inferior lobes
- 𝙝𝙤𝙧𝙞𝙯𝙤𝙣𝙩𝙖𝙡 𝙛𝙞𝙨𝙨𝙪𝙧𝙚 and 𝙤𝙗𝙡𝙞𝙦𝙪𝙚 𝙛𝙞𝙨𝙨𝙪𝙧𝙚
•The left lung consists of two lobes (____________) separated by an ________.
- superior and inferior lobes
- oblique fissure
•The walls of the thoracic cavity and the lungs are covered by a membrane known as ________.
Pleurae
•The __________ is the delicate serous membrane that covers the surface of each lung and dips into the fissures between the lobes.
visceral pleura
•The _______ is the outer membrane which is attached to the inner surface of the thoracic cavity..
•Between the membranes is a fluid filled space called the 𝙥𝙡𝙚𝙪𝙧𝙖𝙡 𝙘𝙖𝙫𝙞𝙩𝙮.
parietal pleura
- is a common 𝙘𝙝𝙧𝙤𝙣𝙞𝙘 𝙞𝙣𝙛𝙡𝙖𝙢𝙢𝙖𝙩𝙤𝙧𝙮 𝙙𝙞𝙨𝙚𝙖𝙨𝙚 𝙤𝙛 𝙩𝙝𝙚 𝙖𝙞𝙧𝙬𝙖𝙮𝙨 characterized by variable and recurring symptoms, 𝙧𝙚𝙫𝙚𝙧𝙨𝙞𝙗𝙡𝙚 𝙖𝙞𝙧𝙛𝙡𝙤𝙬 𝙤𝙗𝙨𝙩𝙧𝙪𝙘𝙩𝙞𝙤𝙣, 𝙚𝙭𝙘𝙚𝙨𝙨𝙞𝙫𝙚 𝙢𝙪𝙘𝙪𝙨 𝙥𝙧𝙤𝙙𝙪𝙘𝙩𝙞𝙤𝙣 and 𝙗𝙧𝙤𝙣𝙘𝙝𝙤𝙨𝙥𝙖𝙨𝙢. Common symptoms include wheezing, coughing, chest tightness, and shortness of breath.
- is thought to be caused by a combination of 𝙜𝙚𝙣𝙚𝙩𝙞𝙘 and 𝙚𝙣𝙫𝙞𝙧𝙤𝙣𝙢𝙚𝙣𝙩𝙖𝙡 𝙛𝙖𝙘𝙩𝙤𝙧𝙨.
Asthma
➤ is a method used to listen to sounds of the body during a physical examination
➤ is listening to the internal sounds of the body usually using a stethoscope.
➤ is performed for the purpose of examining the circulatory and respiratory system as well as gastrointestinal system (bowel sounds)
Auscultation
type of AUSCULTATION
1. Circulatory auscultation
2. Gastrointestinal auscultation
3. Respiratory auscultation
- listens for the timing, intensity, frequency and duration of your heartbeats
Circulatory auscultation
- listens for the existence, quantity and quality of any sounds your bowel makes.
Gastrointestinal auscultation
- listens for the duration, frequency, amplitude and quality of your breaths.
Respiratory auscultation
- the adam’s apple
oThyroid cartilage
- a complete ring of cartilage below the thyroid cartilage.
oCricothyroid
- a leaf-shaped elastic cartilage that guards the entrance of the larynx (prevents food to enter the larynx)
oEpiglottis