CHAPTER 2: COGNITIVE NEUROSCIENCE

Which PART of the BRAIN IS RESPONSIBLE FOR MEMORY?

Temporal lobe

Which neurotransmitter is commonly associated with PLEASURE and REWARD?

Dopamine

Which brain imaging technique provides high-resolution 3D images of the brain?

fMRI

What is the role of the THALAMUS in the brain?

Relaying sensory information

Which part of the brain is responsible for DECISION-MAKING and impulse control?

Prefrontal cortex

The field of study LINKING THE BRAIN and other aspects of
the NERVOUS SYSTEM to COGNITIVE PROCESSING and, ultimately, to BEHAVIOR LOCALIZATION OF FUNCTION

Cognitive Neuroscience

There is no physical pain the brain, but What is the MOST PAINFUL EXPERIENCE for the BRAIN?

Rejection

What does COGNITIVE NEUROSCIENCE STUDY?

The relationship between the brain and behavior

What does "LOCALIZATION OF FUNCTION" refer to?

Specific areas of the brain controlling specific abilities or behaviors

What is a NEURON?

An individual neural cell

It is RESPONSIBLE for the LIFE of the NEURON and CONNECTS THE DENDRITES to the AXON

Soma

What do DENDRITES do?

Receive information from other neurons

A LONG, THIN TUBE that EXTENDS FROM THE SOMA and
RESPONDS to the INFORMATION, when APPROPRIATE

Axon

is a WHITE FATTY SUBSTANCE which INSULATES and PROTECTS AXONS and SPEEDS UP the CONDUCTION of INFORMATION

Myelin

What happens when the MYELIN SHEATH IS THICKER?

It speeds up the conduction of information

What condition is mentioned as DIFFICULT TO CURE related to MYELIN?

Multiple sclerosis

What are NODES OF RANVIER?

Small gaps in the myelin coating along the axon, which serve to increase conduction speed even more

What do TERMINAL BUTTONS do?

Small knobs found at the ends of the branches of an axon and release neurotransmitters

it is small gaps, which serve as a JUNCTURE between the
TERMINAL BUTTONS of NEURON and DENDRITES

Synapse

What does the PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM (PNS) consist of?

All nerve cells except those in the brain and spinal cord

What is the SOMATIC PART of the PNS?

Sensory and motor nerves

What is the AUTONOMIC PART of the PNS responsible for?

Involuntary responses

it is part of Autonomic Nervous System it ACTIVATES UNDER STRESS and responsible for FLIGHT OR FIGHT RESPONSE

Sympathetic Nervous System

it is part of Autonomic Nervous System it MAINTAINS BODY
FUNCTIONS and responsible for RESTand RELAX ACTIONS example: DIGESTION

Parasympathetic Nervous System

What is the function of GLIAL CELLS?

They hold and support neurons in place.

What does the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM (CNS) consist of?

Brain and spinal cord

it most directly CONTROLS our THOUGHTS, EMOTIONS, and MOTIVATION

Central Nervous System (CNS)

What does "POSTMORTEM" research involve?

Studying the body of a deceased person

The characterization od this method of cognitive neuroscience is researchers look carefully at the
BEHAVIOR of people who SHOW SIGNS OF BRAIN DAMAGE
while they are ALIVE then after the PATIENTS DIE, the researchers EXAMINE the PATIENT’S BRAINS FOR LESIONS

Postmortem Studies

What is SINGLE-CELL RECORDING?

Inserting microelectrodes into the brain of an animal to measure the activity of a single neuron

it is one of the methods of cognitive neuroscience under animal studies that is SURGICALLY REMOVING or DAMAGING PART of the BRAIN to OBSERVE RESULTING FUNCTIONAL DEFICITS

Selective lesioning

One of the methods of cognitive neuroscience that STUDY the CAUSE OF DYSFUNCTION

Postmortem Studies

This is under electrical recordings in method of cognitive neuroscience refers to RECORDING of ELECTRICAL ACTIVITY in the brain, which appears as WAVES OF VARIOUS WIDTHS and HEIGHTS. This also includes the seperations, like SEPERATES the STAGES of SLEEP etc.

EEG (Electroencephalograph)

What are the examples of ANIMAL STUDIES in the methods of cognitive neuroscience?

Single-cell recordings

Selective lesioning

What are the examples of ELECTRICAL RECORDINGS in the methods of cognitive neuroscience?

ERP

EEG (Electroencephalograph)

What are the examples of STATIC IMAGING TECHNIQUES in the methods of cognitive neuroscience?

CT: computerized axial tomography

MRI: magnetic resonance imaging

What does EEG stand for?

Electroencephalograph

Refers to EEG waves associated with a PARTICULAR EVENT or TASK AVERAGED over a LARGE NUMBER OF TRIALS

ERP

It ia one methods of cognitive neuroscience that allow for the OBSERVATION of LARGE ABNORMALITIES of the
BRAIN, such as DAMAGE RESULTING FROM STROKES and TUMORS Examples CT: computerized axial tomography
MRI: magnetic resonance imaging

Static Imaging Techniques

It is one of the example of static imaging techniques that has a STRONG MAGNETIC FIELD is PASSED through the BRAIN of a patient and a ROTATING SCANNER DETECTs VARIOUS PATTERNS of ELECTROMAGNETIC
CHANGES in the molecules of the brain

MRI: magnetic resonance imaging

One of methods in cognitive neuroscience that RELIES on CHANGES that take place within the brain as a
RESULT of INCREASED CONSUMPTION of GLUCOSE or OXYGEN in ACTIVE AREAS of the BRAIN
Examples: PET, fMRI

Metabolic Imaging

What is the function of PET: Positron Emission Tomography?

Increased glucose consumption in active brain areas

What is the function of fMRI: Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging?

Increased oxygen consumption in active brain areas

Is the OUTER LAYER of the cerebral hemispheres that PROCESS SNESORY INFORMATION, THINKING and PLANNING

Cerebral Cortex

What is the role of the BASAL GANGLIA?

It is crucial Functioning of the motor system

What part of the brain is CRUCIAL FOR MEMORY?

Hippocampus

It includes HYPOTHALAMUS, AMYGDALA, and SEPTUM involved in LEARNING, EMOTIONS, and MOTIVATION

Limbic System

What does the AMYGDALA primarily REGULATE?

Anger and aggression

What is the SEPTUM responsible for?

anger and fear

What is the THALAMUS responsible for?

Relaying sensory information to the cerebral cortex

The MESSENGER of the brain. from the BODY TRANSMIT TO CEREBRAL CORTEX

Thalamus

After REMOVING the HIPPOCAMPUS of H.M (Henry Molyson) what is he LOST?

He lost his explicit memory but not his implicit memory

What are the "4 F's" associated with the HYPOTHALAMUS?

Fighting, Fleeing, Feeding, Fornication

What does the HYPOTHALAMUS CONTROL besides the "4 F's"?

The endocrine system and autonomic nervous system

Which part of the brain is primarily ASSOCIATED with AUTONOMIC functions like TEMPERATURE, APPETITE, and THIRST REGULATION?

Hypothalamus

What is the MIDBRAIN'S PRIMARY FUNCTION?

Controlling consciousness and attention

It is ESSENTIAL to BALANCE and COORDINATION iof MUSCLE PONS

Cerebellum

What does the RAS stand for?

Reticular Activating System

It is important in CONTROLLING CONSIOUSNESS (SLEEP, AROUSAL), ATTENTION, CARIORESPIRATORY FUNCTIONS

RAS ( Reticular Activating System)

What is the role of the PONS?

Involved in consciousness

What does the MEDULLA OBLONGATA REGULATE?

Cardiorespiratory functions, digestion, and swallowing

What is the PRIMARY RESPONSIBILITY of the FRONTAL LOBE?

Judgement, problem-solving, and planning

What does the PARIETAL LOBE primarily contain?

Somatosensory cortex

What type of information does the primary somatosensory cortex primarily process?

Sensory information related to pressure, texture, temperature, and pain

What is the primary function of the TEMPORAL LOBE related to AUDITORY PROCESSING?

Understanding speech and music

What is the primary role of the OCCIPITAL LOBE?

Analyzing complex visual information

Which of the following is primarily associated with the RIGHT HEMISPHERE of the brain?

Art awareness

Creativity

Intuition

Insight

What function is primarily linked to the left hemisphere of the brain?

Analytic thought

Logic

Language

Reasoning

Which ability is typically associated with the RIGHT HEMISPHERE?

Imagination

Holistic thought

Music awareness

3-D forms

What is a function commonly attributed to the LEFT HEMISPHERE of the brain?

Science and math

Written

Number skills

Who CONTROL the RIGHT-BRAIN FUCTIONS?

Left hand control

Who CONTROL yhe LEFT BRAIN FUNCTIONS

Right hand control

It is the TWO HALVES of the brain (left and right)

Brain hemispheres

What is the primary FUNCTION of the CORPUS CALLOSUM?

Connects the left and right hemispheres of the brain

What is a common results of having a SPLIT BRAIN?

Difficulty in verbalizing information from the right visual field

Which of the following is a SYMPTOM of a STROKE?

Sudden headache

What CAUSES an ISCHEMIC STROKE?

Blood clot blocking an artery

Which of the following best describes a HEMORRHAGIC STROKE?

It is caused by a burst blood vessel in the brain

can occur from a BURST ANEURYSM, causing BLEEDING in or around the brain.

hemorrhagic stroke

Which of the following is a potential symptom of a BRAIN TUMOR?

Nausea and vomiting

What distinguishes OPEN HEAD INJURIES from CLOSED head injuries?

Open head injuries involve a visible wound to the skull

fracture from an ACCIDENT, exposes the brain to the external environment, increasing the risk of infection.

open head injuries

The skull DOE SNOT REMAIN INTACT bu rather is PENTRATED, for example by a BULLET

Open-head injuries

The skull REMAINS INTACT, but there is a DAMAGE ti brain typicalky from the MECHANICSL FORCE of a BLOW ti the HEAD

Closed-head injuries

A PERSON SLIPPING ON ICE and hitting their head on the ground might experience a CONCUSSION