BIOCHEMISTRY
a branch of science deals with chemical processes and reactions within living systems
Biochemistry
He published the book MICROGRAPHIA in 1665
Robert Hooke
He demonstrated that organic compound could be artificially created from inorganic substances
Friedreich Wohler
discovered the double-helix structure of DNA in 1953
Watson and Crick
Energy source, Cell signaling and recognition. storage and support structure
Carbohydrates
the building blocks of carbohydrates
Monosaccharides
Three common monosaccharides
Glucose(blood sugar)
Fructore(Fruit sugar)
Galactose (milk sugar)
composed of 2 monosaccharides and linked by glycosidic bond
Disaccharides
composed of 3-10 monosaccharides
Oligosaccharides
Complex carbohydrates consisting of long chains of monosaccharides units
Polysaccharides
energy storage in plants
Starch
structural component of plant cell walls. Most abundant organic material on Earth
Cellulose
energy storage in animals mainly in liver and muscle tissue
Glycogen
structural component of the exoskeleton of arthropods. Found in the cell walls of some fungi
chitin
store, transmit, and express genetic information in living things
Nucleic acids
carries the genetic information, determines protein synthesis.
DNA
Involved in protein synthesis, gene expression, and other cellular processes
RNA
forming the sugar-phosphate backbone of the DNA
Phosphoddiester bond
between the nitrogenouus bases
Hydrogen bonding
carries the genetic information from DNA. Carries the codons
Messenger RNA (mRNA)
forms the core structure of the ribosomes
Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
transfer amino acids to the ribosomes during translation. carries anticodon
Transfer RNA (tRNA)
composed of one or more polypeptides chins
Proteins
The building blocks of protein
amino acids
the covalent bond that joins two or more amino acids forming polipetide chains
Peptide bond
Amino acids that cannot be synthesized by the human body and must be obtained through the diet
Essential amino acids
can be synthesized by the body and are not required to be obtained through the diet
non-essential amino acids
consist of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, notrogen, and sulfur atoms, with trace amounts of other elements
proteins
Spiral structure formed by hydrogen bonding within the polypeptides chain.
alpha-helix
sheet-like structure formed by hydrogen bonding between different parts of the polypeptides chain
Beta-sheet
a folded protein with a compact or spherical structure
Globular protein
an oxygen-binding protein found in muscle cells
Myoglobin
a long, extended protein structure
fibrous protein
breaks down starch into sugars
Amylase
transports sugar in the blood
Hemoglobin
regulates blood glucose level by signaling cells to take up glucose
Insulin
bind to antigens to mark them for destructions
Antibodies
insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents. Hydrophobic (water-fearing)
lipids
insulation and protection of organs
Lipids
saturated fatty acid with 16 carbons. major component of palm oi and animal fats
Palmitic acid
saturated fatty acid, abundant in animal fats and cocoa butter
Stearic acid
monounsaturated fatty acid, found in olive oil and other vegetable oils
Oleic acid
polyunsaturated omega 6 fatty acid found in vegetable oils and plays a crucial role in cell membrane function
linoleic acid
also known as glycerin or propane-1,2,3-triol. Highly soluble in water and polar solvents
Glycerol
composed of glycerol and fatty acid chains. function as a major energy storage molecule in organisms
Tryglycerides
has hydrophobic tail of two fatty acids esterified to glycerol and hydrophobic head of phosphate group
Phospholipids
promote a healthy gut microbiome. Aid digestion
Probiotics
convert atmospheric nitrogen into a usable form
Nitrogen-fixing bacteria
break down pollutants an toxins in the environment. aids in the cleanup drive of contaminated sites
Bioremediation
Infectious disease leading to respiratory symptoms and potentially severe complications and/or death
COVID19 (SARS-CoV-2)
Chronic infection that attacks the immune system and can lead to acquired immunodefiecincy syndrome (AIDS)
Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)
Mosquito borne viral infection causing high fever, severe headache, joint and muscle pain
Dengue Fever
Respiratory illness characterized by fever, cough, sore throuat, body aches and fatigue.
Influenza
Mild upper respiratory infection with symptoms like runny nose, sneezing, sore throat, and cough
Common cold
Highly contagious viral infection causing fever, rash, cough, and inflamed eyes
Measles
Deadly viral infection transmitted through the bite of infected animals, affecting the nervous system
Rabies
Uncontrolled growth and division of abnormal cells in the body
Cancer
Diseases affecting the respiratory system, including asthma, bronchitis, and Ling damage
Respiratory Disease
Diseases affecting the nervous system, including neuro developmental and neuro degenerative conditions
Neurological Disorder
Diseases affecting the reproductive system, fertility issues, and developmental abnormalities
Reproductive Disorders
Skin disorders, irritation, allergic reactions, and sensitization
Dermatological Issues