CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY
Basic unit of life
Cells
study of cells and ts structure and functions
Cytology
Father of Cytology
Robert Hooke
The first man who witness he live cell under a microscope was
Anton can Leeuwenhoek
described the cell nucleus in cells of orchid
Robert Brown
A French biologist who said cells contain gelatinous fluid, a life substance called sarcode
Felix Dujardin
coined the term photoplasm which pertains to the living materials with the cells
Johannes Purkinje
He said that cells develop only from existing cells. Cells comes from pre-existing cells
Rudolf Vrichow
A Zurich anatomist and physiologst who coined the term cytoplasm to distinguish the nucleus from other cellular parts
Rudolf Albert von kolliker
It refers to all body cells except sex cells. It undergoes mitosis
Somatic Cells
The sperm ell of the male and the egg of the female. Undergo meiosis
SEx cells (gametes)
It has a nuclear material inthe center of the cell, but not enclosed Y a nuclear membrane
Prokaryotic cell
It contains a clearly defined nucleus enclosed by a nuclear membrane and membrane-bound organelles
Eukaryotic cell
outer layer of plant cells; produced by the cytoplasm. gives shape and rigidity to the cell
Cell wall
Green (contain chlorophyll) sites of the photosynthesis in thylakoid membranes
Chloroplasts
In non-dividing cells, threads of Deoxyribunucleic acid (DNA) plus associated proteins (histones) that are attached to sites on the nuclear envelope
Chromatin
Living cellular material exclusive of the nucleus
Cytoplasm
gives support and on which organelles, enzymes, macromolecules are attach
Cytockeleton
liquid portion of the cytoplasm in which cellular structures are suspended
Cytosol
network of interconnected membranes continuous with the outer nuclear membrane
Endoplasmic reticulum
Presence of ribosomes, synthesis of proteins and/or delivery to organelles
Rough ER
lacks ribosomes, lipids synthesis. detoxification of drugs and poisons(liver cells) storage and release of calcium ions
Smooth ER
collection of golgi bodies (dictyosomes) that are stacks of flattened csternae associated with secretion
Golgi complex
sites of aerobic respiration ad release of Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP). Power house of the cell
mitochondria
pair of fused membranes around the nucleus; connected to the ER
Nuclear envelope
structure that contains the genetic information (DNA) in eukaryotic cells; control cellular activities
Nucleus
Outer boundary of the cytoplasm; a lipid bilayer with embedded proteins
Plasma membrane
Strands of cytoplasm that connect adjacent cells; are pathways for material movement
Plasmodesmata
Semiautonomous, contain DNA and ribosomes and reproduce by fission
Plastids
First wall deposited by actively growing ad dividing cells
Primary wall
sites of protein assembly in the cytoplasm or on the rough ER
Ribosomes
Deposited inside the primary wall after cell has stopped growing
Secondary wall
Sac of liquid, the cell sap, surrounded by a membrane
Vacuoles
small sacs of secretory material pinched off from the cisternae
Vesicles
consists of interphase, mitosis, and cytokinesis
Cell cycle
is the longest part of te cell cycle
Interphase
cells become bigger in size, duplicates organelles
G1 phase
DNA synthesis
S phase
reorganize cells organelles and condensation of DNA
G2 phase
resting phase of the cell; neither dividing nor preparing
G0
it is the process of copying and dividing the entire cell. Allows unicellular organisms to duplicate in a process called asexual reproduction
Cell division
division of nucleus of the cell. It is known as equation Al division
Mitosis
Duplicated chromosomes and spindle fibers appear
Prophase
Duplicated chromosomes line up randomly in the center of the cell division between spindle fibers
Metaphase
duplicated chromosomes pulled to the opposite pole end of the dividing cell
Anaphase
nuclear membrane forms around chromosomes at each end of the cell, spindle fibers disappear; chromosomes disperse
telophase
division of plasma membrane; two daughter cells result with exact genetic information
cytokinesis
result of mitosis
two daughter cells (somatic )
consist of two cell divisions, but only one chromosome replication (sometimes called reduction division)
Meiosis
meiosis occurs only in
sex cells
produces cells containing half number of double stranded chromosmes
First meiosis dvision
result in formation of four cells. each cell with half the number of single stranded chromosomes (haploid)
Second meiosis division
result of meiosis
Four daughter cells (sex cells)
Process of creating sperm cell
Spermatogenesis
primary egg cel develops into one large haploid cell and three smaller haploid cells called polar bodies
Oogenesis
The central dogma of molecular biology was coined by
Francis Crick
It explains how our genetic make up is expressed in our phenotype
Central dogma
States that DNA contains instructions for making a protein, which are copied by RNA
Central dogma
building blocks of nucleotides
DNA
are biological macromolecules that have various functions in our body. can form body structures, enzymes, for immunity and among others
proteins
DNA is replicated or duplicated. DNA _________ is said to be semi conservative
Replication
DNA is transcribed to mRNA through different enzymes. We used the DNA as a template in making a strand of mRNA
transcription
from mRNA to protein
translation