quizzz
Sovereignty
The authority of a state to govern itself without external interference.
Nation-state
A political entity characterized by a defined territory, population, government, and sovereignty, often sharing common cultural traits.
Peace of Westphalia (1648)
A series of treaties ending the Thirty Years’ War in Europe, establishing the principles of state sovereignty and modern international relations.
Interdependence
Mutual reliance between states, often through economic, political, and security connections.
Internationalization
The process of increasing interactions and cooperation among states, businesses, and organizations across borders.
Global Governance
Systems and institutions that manage global issues through cooperation between states, IGOs, NGOs, etc.
International Regimes
Sets of rules, norms, and decision-making procedures that shape international relations in specific areas (e.g., climate, trade).
MNCs (Multinational Corporations)
Companies that operate in multiple countries, influencing global economics and politics.
NGOs (Non-Governmental Organizations)
Independent organizations working on social, political, or environmental issues, often across borders.
IGOs (Intergovernmental Organizations)
Organizations formed by states to work on common goals (e.g., UN, WTO, EU).
Balance of Power
A concept where power is distributed to prevent any one state from dominating others.
Self-help
A realist principle where states rely on their own resources for security.
Anarchy
In international relations, the absence of a central authority above states, leading to a self-regulating system.
Globalization
The increasing interconnectedness of the world through trade, culture, technology, and politics.
Deterritorialization
The weakening of the connection between culture, identity, and specific geographic locations.
Global Financial Crisis (GFC) 2007–2008
A severe worldwide economic crisis triggered by the collapse of financial institutions, leading to recessions globally.
Transgovernmental Networks
Collaborative arrangements between government agencies across countries to address global issues.
BRICS
An association of emerging economies: Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa.
Imperialism
The policy of extending a country’s power through colonization, military force, or economic dominance.
Liberal International Order
A global system based on liberal principles like democracy, free markets, and international cooperation, led by Western powers post-WWII.
GDP per Capita
A measure of a country’s economic output per person, indicating living standards.
Total War
A conflict where a country mobilizes all available resources for war, blurring the lines between military and civilian targets.
Wilson’s Fourteen Points (1918)
U.S. President Woodrow Wilson’s principles for peace after WWI, promoting self-determination and the League of Nations.
Self-determination
The right of peoples to choose their own sovereignty and political status.
Treaty of Versailles (1919)
The peace treaty that ended WWI, imposing heavy reparations on Germany and redrawing European borders.
Great Depression (1929–1939)
A global economic crisis marked by widespread unemployment, poverty, and deflation.
Appeasement
A policy of conceding to aggressive demands to maintain peace, often associated with pre-WWII diplomacy towards Nazi Germany.
Nationalism
A political ideology emphasizing pride, loyalty, and devotion to one’s nation, often tied to self-governance.
Apartheid
A system of institutionalized racial segregation in South Africa from 1948 to the early 1990s.
Hegemony
Dominance of one state or group over others, whether economically, militarily, or culturally.
Cold War (1947–1991)
A period of geopolitical tension between the U.S. (capitalist bloc) and the Soviet Union (communist bloc).
Truman Doctrine (1947)
U.S. policy to contain communism by providing political, military, and economic assistance to threatened nations.
Containment
A U.S. strategy during the Cold War to prevent the spread of communism.
Marshall Plan (1948)
U.S. program providing economic aid to rebuild European economies after WWII.
Berlin Blockade (1948–1949)
Soviet attempt to cut off Western access to Berlin, countered by the Western Allies’ Berlin Airlift.
NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization)
A military alliance formed in 1949 for collective defense against threats, initially the Soviet Union.
Warsaw Pact (1955–1991)
A military alliance of communist states led by the USSR, formed in response to NATO.
Détente
A period of relaxed tensions between the U.S. and the Soviet Union during the Cold War (1970s).
Rapprochement
The re-establishment of harmonious relations between countries after conflict or tension.
Glasnost
A Soviet policy of political openness and transparency introduced by Mikhail Gorbachev in the 1980s.
Perestroika
Gorbachev’s policy of economic restructuring in the Soviet Union.
Brezhnev Doctrine
Soviet policy justifying intervention in other communist countries to maintain communist rule.
Sinatra Doctrine
A policy allowing Eastern Bloc nations more autonomy in their internal affairs, signaling the decline of Soviet control.
SALT I and SALT II Treaties
Strategic Arms Limitation Talks aimed at curbing the arms race between the U.S. and USSR during the Cold War.
ABM Treaty (1972)
Limited anti-ballistic missile systems to prevent undermining deterrence.
INF Treaty (1987)
Eliminated intermediate-range nuclear missiles between the U.S. and USSR.
START I and START II Treaties
Agreements between the U.S. and Russia to reduce strategic nuclear weapons.
NPT (Non-Proliferation Treaty, 1968)
A treaty to prevent the spread of nuclear weapons and promote peaceful nuclear energy use.
MAD (Mutually Assured Destruction)
A doctrine where both sides possess enough nuclear capability to destroy each other, deterring nuclear war.
FDI (Foreign Direct Investment)
Investment from one country into business operations in another, indicating economic globalization.
Brexit
The UK’s withdrawal from the European Union following a 2016 referendum.
ASEAN (Association of Southeast Asian Nations)
A regional organization promoting political and economic cooperation among Southeast Asian countries.
Arab Spring (2010–2012)
A wave of pro-democracy uprisings across the Middle East and North Africa challenging authoritarian regimes.
WMDs (Weapons of Mass Destruction)
Weapons capable of causing large-scale destruction, including nuclear, biological, and chemical weapons.
Bush Doctrine
U.S. foreign policy post-9/11 emphasizing preemptive strikes against potential threats.
Obama Doctrine
Emphasized multilateral diplomacy, soft power, and limited military intervention.
WTO (World Trade Organization)
Oversees global trade rules to ensure smooth international commerce.
WB (World Bank) and IMF (International Monetary Fund)
Institutions providing financial support, loans, and economic guidance to countries.
Global North and Global South
Terms distinguishing developed (North) from developing (South) countries.
Third World
Originally referred to countries not aligned with NATO or the Communist Bloc; now often refers to developing nations.
New International Economic Order (NIEO)
A 1970s proposal for reforming global trade and economic relations to favor developing countries.
G7, G8, G20
Groups of major economies that meet to discuss global economic policies and cooperation.
International Society
A concept that states form a society with shared rules, norms, and institutions.
Multilateralism
Cooperation among multiple countries on international issues.
Unilateralism
A state acting independently in international affairs without seeking consensus.
Humanitarian Intervention
The use of force by states or organizations to prevent human rights abuses in another country.
R2P (Responsibility to Protect)
A global norm that states have a responsibility to prevent mass atrocities like genocide.
Law of Nations (International Law)
Legal principles governing relations between sovereign states.
Just War Theory
A doctrine outlining the moral justification for going to war and conduct during war.
Jus ad Bellum
The criteria that justify the decision to go to war.
Jus in Bello
The rules governing conduct during warfare to protect civilians and limit suffering.
The Hague Conventions (1899, 1907)
International treaties establishing laws of war and rules for the treatment of combatants and civilians.
Geneva Conventions
A series of treaties defining humanitarian protections for victims of war.
European Union (EU)
A political and economic union of European countries promoting integration and cooperation.
Asian Financial Crisis (1997)
A financial crisis that affected many Asian economies, leading to currency devaluations and economic downturns.
Great Recession (2008–2009)
A severe global economic downturn following the 2008 financial crisis.
League of Nations
An international organization established after WWI to maintain peace, replaced by the UN after WWII.
Collective Security
The idea that peace is maintained when states work together to counteract threats to any member.
State Security vs. Human Security
State security focuses on protecting national sovereignty; human security emphasizes individual well-being
UN (United Nations)
An international organization founded in 1945 to promote peace, security, and cooperation.
UN Charter
The foundational treaty of the UN, outlining its principles, goals, and structure.
UN Organs and Specialized Agencies
Main bodies like the General Assembly, Security Council, and specialized agencies like WHO, UNESCO.
Veto Power
The ability of the five permanent members of the UN Security Council to block any resolution.
MDGs (Millennium Development Goals) and SDGs (Sustainable Development Goals)
Global development targets set by the UN to address poverty, inequality, and sustainability.
Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948)
A landmark document proclaiming fundamental human rights for all people.
Civil and Political Rights
Rights that protect individual freedoms (e.g., freedom of speech, right to vote).
Economic and Social Rights
Rights ensuring access to basic needs like education, health care, and work.
ICCPR and ICESCR
International treaties protecting civil/political rights (ICCPR) and economic/social rights (ICESCR).
ICC (International Criminal Court)
A court that prosecutes individuals for crimes like genocide, war crimes, and crimes against humanity.