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5 Non-linear effects and specification of the funtional form

what do we assume about returns?

they are decreasing

how can we model decreasing returns?

genom att ta squared. generate a new variable som är upphöjd i 2, men ha kvar den gamla också

squared gör ju att regression curve inte längre är linjär, vad är hacket för att fortfarande köra OLS?

att ha med den som är auxiliary variable, det är nör vi generarar en ny variabel som ändå tar vördet av en annan variabel som squared.
x1~ = x1^2 där då x1~ är auxiliary variable

vad är viktigt vid interpretation of causal effect of variables x1 and x2~ (x1^2).

cannot be interpreted as ceteris paribus effects.
the marginal effect would be:

B1 + B2•x1 since we have the model

B1•x1 + B2•x1^2

vad är sant att vi kan göra även fast U≠0

we can interpret coefficients in models where U≠0 , BUT we cannot compare treatment effects

explain Y = B0 + B1 log(x1)

1% change in x1
=> Y change by B1/100 units


B1 is expressed in percentage, so we have to divide by 100 to get units.


here we can also define a auxiliary variable so we can run regression

x1~ = log(x1)

log(Y) = B0 + B1•x1

1 unit increase of x1
=> B1•100 % change in Y


to get expressed as % we have to multiply by 100


we define logged variables in stata by lscore or loutput by putting small L before the variable to denote that we have a logged auxiliary variable.

log(Y) = B0 + B1 log(x1)

1 % in x1 => 1% change in Y

vad är the benchmark group och the treatment group?

benchmark:
when dummy variables = 0


treatment:

when dummy variables = 1

hur tolkar man en dummy variabel?

den skiftar interceptet. allt annat lika så kan detta tolkas som treatment effect

beskriv interaction model

man skapar en auliliary variable där man combine at least 2 variables. interaction term is a regressor that is defined as the product of two or more variables
Y= B0 + B1x1 + B2x2 + B3(x1•x2)


marginal effect on x1:

B1 + B3•x2


marginal effect on x2:

B2 + B3•x2

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