Gen Bio Long Quiz

producers in ecosystem

autotrophy

consumers in the ecosystem

heterotrophy

organisms that cannot make their own foods

heterotrophs

Light energy is used to convert simple substances to complex organic compounds.

photoautotrophic nutrition

The oxidation of inorganic compounds is used as an energy source for the conversion of simple inorganic compounds to complex organic compounds.

chemoautotrophic nutrition

Plants use a special organelle called ________ to carry out the process of photosynthesis.

chloroplast

These organelles are found in specialized cells called ________

mesophyll

Photosynthesis involves two reactions consisting

light dependent and independent reaction

This reaction also uses water as electron and proton source giving off oxygen as by-product.

light dependent reaction

The photosynthetic pigment called chlorophyll a harvests solar energy, producing the energy rich molecules, adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH).

light dependent reaction

called calvin cycle

light independent reaction

ATP and NADPH produced in the light dependent reaction, are used to convert CO2 into sugar. The use of ATP and NADPH results in the formation of ADP and NADP + respectively, which allows the light – independent reaction to carry out another round of ATP and NADPH production.

light independent reaction

sugar produced in plants are stored as

starch

example of heterotrophic organisms

animals
non-autotrophic bacteria
fungi

Heterotrophs maybe characterized as,

parasitic, saprophytic, or holozoic

exp of parasitic organisms

hookworm
tapeworms
leeches

Obtain their food from dead organisms.

SAPROPHYTIC ORGANISMS (Saprophytes)

They secrete enzymes that are released on the food material outside their body. These enzymes break down complex food into simple forms.

saprophytic organisms

Ingest food that is mechanically broken down and is subsequently digested by enzymes produced within an organism.

holozoic organisms

Holozoic nutrition in humans is called

digestion

The basic stages of the digestive process include

ingestion, digestion, absorption, and elimination.

is the process of eating or taking in food.

ingestion

which include most animals including humans, eat large pieces of food. Among bulk feeders, digestion is usually classified into to forms

bulk feeders and mechanical and chemical digestion

Refers to the breaking down of food into small pieces as when food is chewed and ground by teeth. This type of digestion does not alter the chemical composition of food. It simply increases the surface area upon which chemicals of digestion can act.

mechanical digestion

usually involves enzymes into breaking down food into simpler molecules like glucose and amino acids that can be absorbed or stored by the cells.

chemical digestion

is the saliva and other enzymes in the gastric (stomach) juice are some of the important enzymes in digestion.

amylase

The small intestine (ileum) has finger-like projections called which in turn have microscopic projections called ___

microvilli

Excess water is absorbed in the walls of the large intestines, while undigested materials undergo elimination as

feces

a three- step metabolic pathway that converts sugar to an energy molecule.

cellular respiration

three metabolic pathways of cellular respiration

Glycolysis
•Citric acid cycle also known as Krebs cycle
•Oxidative Phosphorylation

is the first step in cellular respiration where sugar, usually in the form of glucose, enters a series of steps to form two molecules of pyruvate.

glycolysis

glycolysis takes place in the ______ of the cell.

cytoplasm

The pyruvate from the glycolysis will be further “digested” or broken down during the citric acid cycle in the

mitochondrial matrix

includes the electron transport chain and chemiosmosis.

oxidative phosphorylation

Is a series of proteins and organic molecules through which electrons are passed on from one electron carrier to another.

electron transport chain

This chain produces and pumps H + ions from the matrix into the intermembrane space of mitochondria, producing an

electrochemical gradient

A difference in the concentration of solutes and the charges within the membrane, which are then used to make ATP.

chemiosmosis

Results in new organisms formed by mitotic cell division producing offspring that are genetically similar to their parents.

asexual reproduction

Involves the fusion of gametes or sex cells from two parent organisms which are produced through meiosis.

sexual reproduction

Sexual reproduction results in genetically unique offspring.

sexual reproduction

exp of sexual reproduction

amoeba-binary fission

Aquatic animals called _____ can produce buds that turn into new organisms.

hydra

In plants, asexual reproduction is also called ____________. New plants are produced through the root, stem, or leaf.

vegetative propagation

Meiosis consists of two rounds of cell division. The daughter cells of meiosis are called germ cells, which develop into

gametes or sex cells

Female gamete) Usually large and non motile.

egg

Male gamete) Smaller and motile.

sperm

Chromosome in gametes is the half number in body cells, two different gametes fuse during fertilization to produce a _____ that restores the complete number of chromosomes and which could develop into a new organism.

zygote

Usually occurs in aquatic animals where the gametes are released from the male and female animals, and the fusion takes place outside the bo

external fertilization

Usually observed among terrestrial animals, is a strategy used to prevent dehydration of the gametes on land.

internal fertilization

The testes is found outside the abdominal cavity, in sac called the

scrotum

At release of sperm, also known as ________. muscular contraction causes the sperm to pass through vas defense with various glandular secretions to produce seminal fluid.

ejaculation

The lower portion of the reproductive tract, the _____ serves as the passage of sperm.

vagina

gross atp of cellular respiratoon

net atp of cellular respiration

three carbon compound

pyruvate

breakdown of glucose