additional

also called Theoretical or General Linguistics)

micro-linguistics

it studies the nature of language that is what a language is all about and how it works.

micro-linguistics

Study of formation of words -

morphology

Study of production of speech sounds -

phonetics

Study of conceptual meaning of words and sentences -

Semantics

Study of systems and patterns of speech sounds -

phonology

Study of meaning in context -

pragmatics

Study of formation of sentences -

syntax

it views language from broader perspective. Application.

macro-linguistics

deals with the study of the effects of the different social and cultural factors on the use of language.

sociolinguistics

-focuses on the interrelation between linguistic and psychological factors that enable humans to understand acquire and use language.

Psycholinguistics

studies the application of computer science in the analysis of language and its speech and other linguistic studies.

Computational linguistics-

also known as diachronic linguistics it is a study of language change or change of a group of language is over time.

Historical linguistics

-also called comparative historical linguistics, is a subfield of historical linguistics that is primarily concerned with comparing languages to establish their similarities and differences especially in identifying whether or not they have a common ancestral language.

Comparative linguistics

- focuses on the study of language as an independent network of formal systems or structures.

Structural linguistics

-aims to explain the evolution and formation of language.

Biolinguistics

-primarily concerned with the application of language studies in real life such as teaching and learning resolving.

Applied linguistics

-sub-discipline of applied linguistics that focuses on the application of linguistic concepts and theories in the field of speech language pathology. Description analysis and treatment of language disabilities and disorders.

Clinical linguistics

-studies the development of the linguistic ability of an individual specially children.

Developmental linguistics

-branch of linguistics that studies the relationship between language and the structures and functions of the brain. reltaed to language comprehension, production and acquisition.

Neurolinguistics

-aims to classify languages based on their structural and functional components. Diversity of languages.

Linguistic typology

- also called literary linguistics, deals with the study on how different individuals or social groups use language in all types or forms spoken or written in their communication.

Stylistics

-studies investigates the origins of words their birth and development after the lineating the spread from one language to another and there evolving changes in form and meaning.

Etymology

Bf Skinner believe that for language learning to occur imitation drills and constant practice are very important. teachers must be proficient enough ir possess native like fluency.

Behaviorism

who believe that for language learning to occur imitation drills and constant practice are very important.

Bf Skinner

-hypothesize that humans must be born with language acquisition device (LAD) in their brain which is the reason why children can acquire language quickly. he argued that led contains the universal rules by which human languages operate he called the set universal grammar (UG)

Nativism/Innatism (Noam Chomsky)

He hypothesize that humans must be born with language acquisition device (LAD) in their brain which is the reason why children can acquire language quickly.

Noam Chomsky

-there must be a good interplay between the biological and environmental factors for language acquisition to occur.

INTERACTIONISM (Lev Vygotsky)

he said that there must be a good interplay between the biological and environmental factors for language acquisition to occur.

Lev Vygotsky

the principle that acquiring a language has both biological and social components

Monitor Model

monitor model is also known as

input Hypothesis

who provided that the principle that acquiring a language has both biological and social components

Stephen Krashen

What Hypothesis? is
Acquire language - acquire the language naturally
Learning language - "conscious process"usually happens within a formal environment such as in school.

the Acquisition-learning hypothesis

what hypothesis is?
-Krashen claimed that there is a natural or predictable order by which all learners acquire language.

Natural order hypothesis

what hypothesis
Our acquired competencies responsible for our language production. Monitoring editing and self correcting from time to time.

Monitor hypothesis

what hypothesis is
-also known as 'i+1'
-language cannot be taught directly because it should be acquired through an emergent process
- to acquire languay is simply to receive abundant meaningful inputs from a context rich environment

The input hypothesis

what hypothesis?
-removing stress anxiety and fears to learn language

Affective Filter Hypothesis

he said that children do not only acquire grammatical knowledge of sentences but also to use knowledge appropriately

Communicative competence model (Dell Hymes 1972)

-expounded by canale and swain into a language model

Communicative Competence

he said that
-children do not only acquire grammatical knowledge of sentences but also used to knowledge appropriately

Dell Hymes 1972

what competence?
The ability to use grammatically correct utterances, language conventions, the ability to use correct vocabulary, to write in correct spellings.

Grammatical Competence

What competence?
concerned with appropriateness when to talk and not
The ability to socialize with other people while maintaining formality. (Manners)

Sociolinguistic competence

what competence?
-learners mastery of producing coherent and cohesive language outputs in the modes of listening speaking reading and writing

Discourse competence

what competence?
The ability to solve problems during communication as they arise.

Strategic competence

Descriptive Vs. Prescriptive
(formal) - lays down the correct way of the structural arrangement of the words in the sentence. structurally correctand accurate as determined.

Prescriptive

Descriptive Vs. Prescriptive
(informal) - it observes principles that look at the language exactly as how it is spoken

Descriptive

Synchronic versus diachronic
- when a language is studied at a particular time or certain time in history

Synchronic

Synchronic versus diachronic
-focuses on language development through time

Diachronic

Langue versus parole
- is the structure of language used in the community (set of rules and patterns)

Langue

Langue versus parole
- actual usage of language in communication (concretization of language through actual use)

Parole

Language competence versus language performance
According to chomsky,
- the speaker's knowledge of the grammatical rules of language (broad)

Language Competence

Language competence versus language performance
According to chomsky,
- is the actual use of language and application of the grammatical rules (narrow)

Language Performance

Ethic versus emic
- outsider perspective ( objective and non-structural) behavioral patterns are universal

Etic

Ethic versus emic
- insider perspective (subjective) behavioral patterns are unique

Emic

Syntagmatic versus Paradigmatic
- horizontal word per word (orders of phones in a word)

Syntagmatic

Syntagmatic versus Paradigmatic
- (context) describes the relation of the linguistic elements of the language outside the utterance. like "I am here" location.

Paradigmatic

Speech versus Writing
-it is a record of the language represented in letters (follows a written code)

Writing

Speech versus Writing
-the involves the articulation of language using the speech organs and the reception of the message.

Speech

focuses on the structural components of language under the broad level of grammar

Micro-linguistics

studies the systems of sounds within a language or different languages

phonology

it's goal is to provide a unique but generalized symbol for every sound or phoneme in a language

IPA

it studies the physical properties of sounds

phonetics

deals with words with same meanings or different meanings

semantics

according to him children can only do so much with their own ability (zone of actual development)

(zone of proximal development)