PY1508.2 ~ {the mechanisms of myth}
evolutionary perspective
•our brains require more energy than any other biological system + thinking requires energy
•so our brains have adopted short cuts in perception + in thinking to avoid unnecessary energy expenditure.
•But these short cuts can produce end-results that are fallible
2 systems for thinking
according to Kahneman there is system 1 + 2
1 - fast, unconscious, automatic, everyday decisions, error prone
2 - slow, conscious, effortfull, complex decisions, reliable
priming
exposure to a certain stimulus influences their response to a subsequent prompt, without any awareness of the connection
(showing image of lake tgen a duck / rabbit and people automatically see the duck due to association)
heuristics
when humans use mental shortcuts to arrive at decisions. Heuristics are simple strategies that we use to quickly form judgments, make decisions + find solutions to complex problems
most basic heuristic
–fight or flight response
•emotional taken without thinking
–fast, reactive, automatic = system 1
heuristics based on resolving uncertainty
representativeness + available heuristics
we tend to use most readily available information to make a decision, regardless of whether that information is relevant of not
representativeness heuristic
a mental shortcut that we use when making judgments about probability, like thinking that a van is used by a builder and contains tools due to stereotyping.
availability heuristic
describes our tendency to use information that comes to mind quickly and easily when making decisions about the future
(prioritizing infrequent events based on recency and vividness) e.g. plane crashes can make people afraid of flying
cognitive biases
are systematic patterns of deviation from norm and/or rationality in judgment, causes us to intentionally make a judgment on something based off of your beliefs or previous experience
what causes cognitive biases
- limited information-processing capacity + emotions + motivation ( being selfish ) + social influence + heuristics + age ( older people show less cognitive flexibility)
how motivation causes cognitive bias
our judgments are influenced by our existing attitudes and beliefs. we are very likely to choose the beliefs and strategies that are most likely to help us arrive at the conclusions we want to arrive at
how heuristics cause cognitive bias
mental shortcuts where our minds use simple rules to arrive at a conclusion in a “fast-and-frugal” way. the aim is not to capture the problem in all its complexity, or even to arrive at the optimal solution, but to arrive at a “good enough” solution quickly while minimizing mental effort.
impact of cognitive bias
•judgements
•decision making + critical thinking
•behaviour
•memory
•how accurately we can recall incidents
cognitive bias + mythbusting
cognitive shortcuts
overgeneralisation
misattributions of casuality [correlation vs causation]
sampling bias
occurs when some members of a population are systematically more likely to be selected in a sample than others
gambler's fallacy
an erroneous belief that a random event is less or more likely to happen based on the results from a previous series of events [even when they independent]
noticing things that are already primed in memory
(availability heuristic) - the ease wity which we can think of examples is often used to judge the frequency of events
anchoring effect
the tendency to rely on the first piece of information offered ( may be irrelevant to make subsequent judgments )
confirmation bias
refers to our tendency to look for evidence confirming what we already believe, viewing facts and ideas we encounter as further confirmation, leads us to ignore any evidence that seems to support an opposing view.
hindsight bias
tendency for people to view things as more predictable than they actually are, demonstrates how recently acquired knowledge influences the recollection of past information (claim currents events were to happen even though it was completely unpredictable in the past)
bias blind spot
a tendency to not see our own biases and see ourselves as less susceptible to bias than others, recognition of the impact of biases on the judgement of others than we do ourselves.
dunning-kruger effect
people with limited competence in a particular domain overestimate their abilities
4 states: unconscious + concious competence + incompetence
4 stages of D- K effect
UI - you’re ignorant of what you don’t know
UC - you’ve mastered a subject so extensively that you may forget or take for granted how much you truly know
CC - you’re actively learning and acquiring knowledge about a subject
CI - you’re aware of what you don’t know, but you haven’t taken steps to learn more
criteria for evidence to be scientific
empirical - gained from experience
objective - free from bias
systematic - gathered in a step by step procedured
controlled - potentially cofounding variables are deleted
considerations: suppressing system 1
media coverage can be misleading
dont rely on instincts + first impressions
impact of existing biases + reliance on heuristics
beliefs skewed by limited experience
widespread beliefs not more plausible
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