African American History : 20th Century C.E and Beyond
Founder , Universal Negro Improvement Association & the Black Starship . He was known for the Back to Africa movement.
Marcus Garvey
Any study pertaining to cognition , human thought , or acquired Ken ( knowledge ) . Philosophically , it states its meta-pursuits that revolves around , " ...the knowledge of knowledge itself.." 3. A Branch of Philosophy relating to the genesis and nature of Human knowledge. In Ancient Greek Etymology, this word alluded to a Discourse anent knowledge.
Epistemology
Who published the triologies of Black Boy , Native Son , and Uncle Tom's Children?
Richard Wright
An eminent and renowned African American Clerisy , educator , Philanthropist , and Stateswoman. She was born in Mayesville , S.C . to the formerly enslaved parents. Her earlier passion was to pursue missionary work in Africa and however, a nascent trajectory set in. She found & incorporated the Bethune Daytona Educational and Industrial training school for Negro girls in Daytona , Florida ( 1904 ) . In 1931 , this school consolidated with the all boys Cookman Institute to become a chartered coeducational academy ( Junior College ) as Bethune Cookman University. She officiated as the President of this school from 1923 to 1942 and subsequently from 1946 -1947 . In 1924 , she arose as the President of the National Association of Colored Women .This was the first Black controlled institution in the Nation's Capital. Franklin Delano Roosevelt appointed Mary McLeod Bethune as a National Adviser , where she was credited for creating the Federal Council on Colored Affairs. This was popularly known as the Black Cabinet. She also presided over the Negro Youth Administration , a subsidiary of the Work Progress Administration. Around 1955 , she died peacefully on 18 May at the age of 79.
Mary McLeod Bethune ( 1875 - 1955 )
The Ordinance of Jim Crow since Plessy v. Ferguson ( 1896 ) came under the litmus test in the 20th Century American Judiciary that revolutionized the social climate and political landscapes . Four brave women including the 15 years adolescent brought suit against the State of Alabama and City of Montgomery. All plaintiffs commonly shared their action : justifiable defiance of the Jim Crow segregation policy on intrastate and municipal buses beginning with Claudette Colvin, the 15 years old . Other plaintiffs encompassed Aurelius Browder as eponymously named after her , Susie McDonald , and Mary Louis . They all refused to relinquish their seat to the White patrons on ground of being wiery and tired of injustice and inequality. Fred Gray was their attorney who brought their case before the United States District Court of Middle County ( Alabama) , of course with peripheral help . Rosa Park stepped unto the stage long after these brave women's defiance of the unjust law . In December, Park had political connections with Eric Nixon of NAACP ( National Association for the Advancement of Colored People ) and Montgomery Bus Boycotts , which mobilized this legal precedent, Browder v. Gayle , 142 F.Supp.707 ( 1956 ) . This case was published in the Federal Supplement , the unofficial reporter of West Publishing Co and is widely used for citation . The tribunal ruled on the unconstitutionality of the State Statute and City Ordinance on ground of its contravention of the Equal Protection Clause of the 14th Amendment
"......Nor shall any State ...deny to any person within its jurisdiction the Equal protection of the Laws....."
( Provenance: U.S. Constitution) .
Every individual in similar situation is to be treated equally despite anthropological, racial , ethnic , and religious diversity. Both the State and Mayor Gayle appealed directly to the SCOTUS ( Supreme Court of the United States) since it dealt with the Federal question . In November, Chief Justice Earl Warren & SCOTUS affirmed judgment, rather than reversing the decision ( 352 U.S. 903 ( 1956 ) Hence , this was a landmark Federal Civil Right case thus challenging the Plessy v. Ferguson case , upholding Brown v. Board of Education, Topeka ( 1954 ) , Bolling v Sharpe , and other precedents.
Browder v. Gayle , 142 F.Supp.707
Let us realize the arc of the moral universe is long but it bends toward justice.
~ His utterance at the March To Selma 1965 speech
~ Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.