unit 2 test 2
what is biodiversity
the variety of all living organisms on Earth
the genetic info contaubed
and environments inhabitted
what is genetic diversity
the variety of genes/# of diff inherited characteristics in species
created through mutations
what does increased genetic diversity do
increases likelihood of survival/reproduction when enviro conditions change
what is species diversity
the variety of different kinds of organisms present in a particular area
what id ecosystem diversity
the variety of physical enviros in which organisms live and/or interact with
how is genetic diversity created
mutations/changes in DNA (during meiosis in sexual and mitosis in asexual)
(nondisjunction)
what happens when genetic diversity created
similar to changling letter and whole meaning of word changes
good and bad changes happen
good ones lead to improved survival, this more reproduction
what are adaptations
characteristics animals have that allow them to live in certain environments
how can adaptations help?
protect from pred
survive diff temps
catch/ eat food
take in O or CO2 or H2O or light
structural adaptations
outside the body
physical features of an organism
enable survival
such as stick insect blending in to hide
physiological adaptations
inside organism
internal/cellular mechanis of how organisms survive
such as snake producing venom
behavioural adaptations
activities that organisms perform to survive
such as bird impresing others to reproduce
abiotic components
non living chemical and physical factors in enviro
eg light intensity, pH, temp
biotic components
presence or absence of other living components which affect an ecosystem
eg competitors, preds, parasites
what is an optimum range
an optimum range (where they thrive rhe best)
what is the tolerance range
outside the optimum range they enter tolerance range, survive but not thrive
psychological stress zone
outside of tolerance range enters this
if remain here for extended time they cannot survive
what is an enviro niche
set of environmental conditions (particularly abiotic)
preferres niche is what
all abiotic factors in organisms optimum range
marginal niche is
conditions that vary from optimum range and enter tolerance range
what can adjust tolerance range
mutations
beneficence
act in a way that benefits
non malevolence
avoid causing harm
justice
equality and fairness (all animals conserved)
autonomy
honouring organisms rights
what is a physiological adapration of arid plants
stomata closure (prevent water loss)
leaf rolling (humid chamber)
structural adaptation of arid plants
thick cuticles
less stomata
less visible leaves
silder leaves
behavioural adaptation of arid animals
only out at night
burrows at night (maintain humidity)
physiological adaptations of arid animals
little loss of H2O (in urine/feces)
less water released in nasal heat exchange
structural adap of arid animal
very little water evap from sun
thick fur on top, thin everywhere else (sun)
large sa:v ratio to maximise heat loss
dormancy meaning
burrow underneath mud in chamber built by mucous secretions
little energy exerted, fat reserves used
migration
depart unfavourable conditions by migration
primarly birds as can move quickly and efficiently to water
physiological adaptations of cold animals
antifreeze substances
or amino acids, glycerol, sugars etc lower body tissue freezing point
or metabolic adjustment
behav of cold animals
burrowing, hibernation, huddling
cold plant adap
no antifreeze, resistant through process
cytosol inside acts as antifreeze so ice not inside
structural cold animal
hair/fur/ layers of fat (blubber)
what is a keystone species
a detrimental species to the ecosystem
example of keystone species
starfish - preys on dominant species to maintain biodiversity
elephant - creates water holes, disperses seeds, maintains grasslands (stomping)
what is an ecosystem made up of
biotic factors
abiotic factors
interactions
thus reliant on working parts/ their interactions
what is a community
all populations of various organisms
(same location and time)
population meaning
all individuals of one species
living same area and time
diversity measuring
species richness -number of soecies in sample community
and
relative species abundance -evenness/abundance of each species in community
factors that affect species diversity
distance from terresrtial main lands (meaninf islands closer to land masses have more species)
distance from equator (closer is more)
physical area such as land mass
consumers
heterotroph
all animals consumers
live indirectly and directly on chemical energy of producers
producers
autotroph
create energy through photosynthesis
decomposers (heterotroph)
obtain energy/nutrients from dead organic matter (break down organisms)
diff interactions
living and non living (plants and soil)
non living (rain causing soil erosion)
living (same and diff species interactions)
what are the diff types of competitions
intraspecific (one species)
interspecific (multiple species)
amensialism
one organism is inhibited/destroyed
one organism is unnaffected (no gain)
parasitism
parasite lives on/in another organism
parasite benefits and host suffers
diff types of parasites
exoparasites (live externally)
endoparasites (live internally)
hemiparasitism (half energy by self, half from host )(plants)
holoparasitism (plants) (all nutrients obtained from host)
diff parasites
exoparasites (live externally)
endoparasites (live internally)
hemiparasitism (half energy by self, half from host )(plants)
holoparasitism (plants) (all nutrients obtained from host)
mutualism
both organisms benefit
commensialism
one benefits one neither gains nor losses
suck as monarch butterfly (gets protection) and milkweed plant
clumped population distribution
niche conditions
organisms asexually reproduce
strategies against predators
uniform population distribution
much intraspecific comp (avoid pred by spreading equally)
typically plants
in animals too
random population distribution
rare
only in unvarying enviro and members not hindering one another
primary ecological events
effect population
birth
death
immigration
emigration
secondary ecological events types
effect population
influence primary events
density independant is all regardles of pop size
things like weather events, disease etc
exponential model of pop growth
asexual reproduction
patter in J shape
needs unlimited rescources
S shaped curve model of pop growth
upper limit is capacity of habitat
arrow marks more growth
not unlimited rescources
K selected pop growth rate (intrinsic)
quality over quanitity
less offspring, longer life time
pop doesnt recover quick
eg human
r selected pop growth rate (intrinsic)
quantity over quality
more offspring, shorter lives
adapted for high risk/unstable enviro
eg rabbits
biomimicry
identification and initiation of floura/fauna adaptations into human society
designs of many things modelled on biological processes/entities
first nations peoples seasons
number differs on group
based on stars, lifecycle of plants/animals and changing weather patterns
burning techniques considerations
before temp peaks
cool burns (allow animals to escape and habitats not destroyed)
benefits of burning techniques
reduces field load and thus less ferocious fires
stimulates new growth (seed germination)
creation of fields (game to hunt)
what is symbiosis
any interaction between two diff organisms living in close physical association, typically to the advantage of both
zygote
result of fertilisation after fusion of gametes
diploid
two copies of each chromosome
haploid
pair of chromos w/same shape, size and genes
binary fission
-replicates dna
-dna molecules attach to plasma membrane
-lengthening of cell
division
-via constriction
-formation of septum
unicellular eukaryotes asexual reproduction
eg amoeba
diff to bacteria because it involves mitosis
multicellular eukaryotes asexual reproduction
eg flatworms, anenomes and coral
asexually split into two
mitosis of eukaryotes function
replacement in body cells
some formation in algae and some fungus
similarities of mitosis of eukaryotes and binary fission
asexual
cell growth
dna replication
differences in binary fission and mitosis of eu
no nucleus or mitosis in pro
simpler/faster in pro
organelles division in nucleus in eu
budding
organism develops through cell division from outgrowth of plant
eg sponges
runner
stems grow along ground
rhizomes
underground stems grow horizontally
tubers
swollen underground stems from with bud supports
bulbs
underground structures w/ short stems in central bud and many fleshy leaves
corms
enlarged bulb-like underground stems
parthenogenesis
reproduction without fertilisation
offspring identical to female parent
eg komodo dragon, aphids
typocally all female pop
fragmentation
starfish!
organism split into fragments
each fragment develop into mature organism
advantages of asexual
quick
no energy expenditure of finding mate or mating
no other organism needed
well suited to enviro
colonise clear areas rapid
disadvantages of asexual
lack of genetic variation
pressure on available rescources
of conditions change all may be lost
egg and sperm form what
fuse to make zygote then embryo then organism
hermaphrodites
intersex
has gametes from seperate animals instead of self fertilisation
both male and female