Pharmacology
What are exogenous drugs?
Drugs that are created and have to be ingested/administered.
What are Endogenous drugs?
Drugs that already exist within the body.
What is a stereoisomer?
Isomers that differ in the spatial arrangement of atoms.
What is an isomer?
Molecules with the same molecular formulas, but different arrangement of atoms.
What are chiral enantiomers?
Molecules that exist in two mirror-image forms, but cannot be cannot be superimposed.
What does superimposed mean?
Cannot be placed on top of one another.
What 4 factors define an 'effective' drug?
Easy administration
Reaches target at sufficient concentration
Therapeutic effects outweigh toxic effects
Few side effects
Define 'Pharmacodynamics'.
The therapeutic or toxic action dependant on the concentration of a drug at site of action.
What is a 'Ligand'?
A molecule that irreversibly binds to a receptor.
What are Agonists?
Drugs that activate a biological response once bound to a recpetor.
What are Antagonists?
Molecules that bind to a receptor to prevent the effect of an agonist.
What is 'affinity' in drugs?
The measure of tightness of drug binding to receptors.
What is 'intrinsic activity'?
The measure of a drugs ability to generate an effect.
What is target occupancy determined by?
Law of Mass Action
Target Occupancy: "The rate of reaction is ____?"
Proportional to the concentration of reactants.
Explain the components of the equation for Law of Mass Action:
Occupancy = Maximal Occupancy x [Drug] / ([Drug] + Kd)
Occupancy: fraction of target occupied by drug
Maximal occupancy: maximal fraction that can be occupied by drug as drug concentration reaches saturation
[Drug]: molar concentration of drug
Kd: concentration of drug that leads to 50% occupancy of target
What are 'Full' Agonists?
Agonsists that elicit a maximal biological response.
What are 'Partial' Agonists?
Agonists that activate receptors but are unable to elicit a maximal response.
What does the acronym ADMET stand for?
Absorption
Distribution
Metabolism
Excretion
Toxicity
List 3 different ways to administer a 'Topical' drug.
Epicutaneous (skin)
Inhalation
Eyedrops
List 3 different ways to administer an 'Enteral' drug.
Orally
Gastric tube
Rectally
List 3 different ways to administer a 'Parenteral' drug.
Intravenous (IV)
Subcutaneous
Intramuscular