Chapter 1 Microbes and the Hx of Microbiology
Bacterium
singled-celled microorganism lacking a nucleus
Antibiotics
chemicals that kill or slow growth of bacterial pathogens
Pathogens
causative agents of disease
Microbe
living organisms that requires a microscope
contain in its genome the capacity to reprodue its own kind
microbe
cell is composed of membrane-enlcosed compartment of water solution containing molecules that carry out metabolism
microbe
can be seen without microscope
prostist and algae
biofilms
cells are differentiated into distinct types that complement one another functions, as in multicellar organisms
genome
total DNA sequence content of each organism-fundamental basis for classifying all life forms
ex: bacteria, archae
prokaryotes
prokaryotes
microbes that lack a nucleus
Eukaryotes
microbes with cells with nucleus
ex: fungi, protoza, algae
Eukaryotes
Archaea
gentically distinct group of prokaryotes
doesnt cause disease
archaea
evolved by diverging bacteria and eukaryotes
archaea
Protoza
eukaryotes microbes that are single-cell-may be free living or parasitic
algae
eukaryotic microbes containg chloroplasts that conduct photosynthesis
protozoa and algae together
protists
fungi
distinct from protist-nonmobile and grow by absorbing nutrients from their surroundings-single celled(yeast) or a filaments (bread mold)
parasites
eukaryotic microbes pathogens that live at the expense of the host they inhabit, debilitating the host; cinge or multicellar
virus
noncellular molecules; contains DNA or RNA tht takes over the matabolism of a cell to generate more particles
affected human civilization long before humans quessed at their existence thru their environment, food, drink production and infection
mircobes
first to record microbe thru microscopes
Hooke and Leeuwehoek
Spallanzani
showed that microbes arise from pre existing microbes and demonstrated that heat sterilization can prevent microbial growth
Pasteur
discovered that microbial basis of fermentation; showed that supplying O2 doesnt allow spontaneous generation
Tyndall
showed that repeated cycles of heat are necessary to eliminate spores formed by certain kinds of bacteria
simple organice molecules can form out of...
inorganic chemicals
all life evolved from...
microbial cells
germ theory
specifie diseases are caused by specific kinds of microbes
Fleming
invented penicillin
Jenner
vaccination-cow pox
created first vaccines including rabies
Pasteur
Semmelweis and Lister
created antiseptic
Ivanovsky and Beijernick
tobacco
Mosaic
virus can pass thru a filter that remains bacteria
enrichment culture
use of selective growth media that support certain classes of microbial metabolism while excluding others
nitrogen fixation
bacteria and archaea fix nitrogen by reducing it to ammonia
mutualism
within plant cells, certain bacteria fix nitrogen as partner of a host organism
symbolism
a form of mutualism-growth of two species in intimate association
endosymbionts
organisms living inside a larger organism
human microbiome
a community of associated bacteria that play important roles in human health
lithotrophs
metabolize inorganic minerals
Woese
discovered a domanin of life
Margulis
proposed that eukaryotic organelles evolved by endosymbiosis from prokaryotic cells engulfed by pre-eukaryotes
Franklin
discovered tgat DNA forms double helix structure and function of DNA revealed by series of experiment in 20th century
geonome sequence determination
shaped the study of biology in the 21st century
contains peptidoglycan
99.9 percent of bacteria
Koche
developed first scientific method for establishing the microbial cause of disease
mutations and vertical transmission
divide so quickly-mutate-beneficial ex: parent to child
bacteria acquire resistance through mutation or by DNA ex: pass cell to cell
Horizontal transfer
inhibits the cell wall syntheses ex: penicillin
Actions of microbial
inhibits protein synthesis ex: erythromycin
Actions of Microbial Drugs
inhibit of nucleic acid replication and transcription
Action of Microbial Drugs
injury to plasma membrane ex: polymyxin
Actions of Microbial drugs
inhibits synthesis of essential metabolism ex: trimethoprim
Actions of Microbial Drugs
prevent ABT entry
resistance mechanism
expression of enzymes that inactivate ABT
resistance mechanisms
target of ABT may be modified
resistance mechanism
removal of ABT by efflux pump
resistance mechanisms
Lynn Margulis
first proposed that the energy-converting organelles of eukaryotic cells evolved as a result of endosymbosis