MH - the same / the absence of MI
are they complete opposites, a dichotomy of each other where you can be one or the other but never both
the relationship a scale that you can move up and down
a state of well-being in which the individual realizes his or her own abilities, can cope with the normal stresses of life, can work productively + fruitfully, and is able to make a contribution to his / her community
they have overlap
scope for promotion is wider [ target audience + target of intervention {QOL, relationships}
strengthens individuals + communities [increasing social inclusion + participation] + reduces structural barriers
has an intrinsic value to society
health professionals + planners are often too occupied with immediaate problems with those that are ill to pay attention to those that are well (WHO 2005)
essential for wellbeing + quality of life
important for functioning
contributes to all aspects of human life
preventing suffering
potentially very cost effective as MI cots are estimated at 105.2 bill / year in 2010 (Centre for MH, 2010)
divided concept of MH into 4
flourishing
moderate MH
languishing
Mental Disorder
children + adolescents
parents of young children
older individuals
individuals who have experienced trauma
those more at risk due to socio-economic factors or environmental factors [ neuro-diverse + foster kids ]
teachers
individuals who already have a mental illness
the general population
over 50% of MI start before age 15 and 75% startig before age 25
adolescence is a time of turbulence + instability (Harrop + Trower, 2001) experience change at a very rapid rate [stressful]
this can have a long lasting negative impact of a MI + long lasting positive impact of MH
so consequences are longer + severe
flourishing common in 12-14
moderate MH in 15-18
* adolescents without MI were not necessarily MH or languishing
we're an ageing population [ higher life expectancy]
age discrimination
barriers to participation in meaningful activities
social isolation
poorer physical health
poverty
it is widely acknowledged that the MH + wellbeing of older people has been neglected across the spectrum of promotion, prevention + treatment services (National Institute for MH, 2005)
socio-economic + enviro factors
the social standing / class of an individual / group. it is often measured as a combination of education, income + occupation. [APA definition] often reveal inequalities in access to resources + issues related to privilege, power + control
[typically non-clinical groups]
confidence + self esteem + hopefullness
social intergration can influence QOL outcomes for people with MI
adults with MH problems are one of the most excluded groups in society
this is often caused by stigma and discrimination
2/3 of men under 35 years with MH problems who die by suicide are unemployed
[Keyes, 2005] only 18% are flourishing so over 80% of pop may benefit from increased MH
in scotland 14% of adults have 'good mental wellbeing', 73% have average + 14% have poor mental wellbeing [ Braunholtz et al 2007]
to investigate socio-economic status, emotional symptoms, self-efficacy + social competence
3969 adolescents aged 11-15 [cross-sectional design]
lower SES adolescents had higher rates of emotional symptoms + lower levels of self efficacy + social competence. high self-efficacy + high social competence buffer the association between SES + emotional symptoms
describes a person's belief in their ability to succeed. an individual's belief in his or her capacity to execute behaviors necessary to produce specific performance attainments (Bandura, 1977, 1986, 1997).
school principal: Charles Eugene Beatty
psychologist David Weikart
in 1962
to improve disadvantaged children's capacity for future success in school + in life by promoting toung children's intellectual, social + physical development
123 african american preschool children aged 3-4 who were living in poverty + assessed to be at high risk of school failure [58 were entered into the programme]
for one year a daily 2h30m class session + weekly 1h30m home visit for each child
cognitive + social skills are built + supported through individualized teaching + learning. active learning [ key feauture ] children are supported to initiate their own play + activities
by age 27 - completed more schooling + committed fewer crimes + higher rates of employment + earned a higher income
by age 40 - had fewer teenage pregnancies + more likely to graduate + ml to hold a job & have better earnings + ml to have their own home & car
quality of evidence has been appraised as generally low-to-moderate with many stdieshaving considerable methodological issues. most studies tend to be short terrm with little long term follow up
gaps in teacher training + support can create problems with programme delivery
there is still a need for a stronger and broader evidence base in the field of MH promotion, which should focus on both universal work + targeted approaches to fully adress MH in our young populations
potential coverage is high
in Wales costs associated with poor MH in the workplace = neaarly 1.2 bill / year {Friedli & Parsonage, 2009}
sickness absence + reduced productivity + increased staff turnover
increase in reognition of employers that MH of employees is important
prevent MH problems which are directly work related
conduct awarenedd training for line managers and MH first aiders
offer better access to help
offer effective rehabilitation for individuals who need to take time off
McElliogott et al 2010
to examine the effect of a holistic programme + the development of a self-care plan on health-promoting behaviours in hospital nurses
the Collaborative Care Model (CCM) Programme + a self-care plan, its an 8h programme created to promote a culture of caring, focusing on relationships + patient-centered care, fostering + sustaining a healing environemnt + a culure of safety
measures taken before + after the intervention + compared to a control group
intervention group had higher overall health scores including spirituality + interpersonal relations + nutrition scores
a systematic review of 11 studies to assess interventions which used a WS approach to. improving the health + wellbeing of healthcare workers
a successful method of improving staff wellbeing, involve identification + response to local need, engagement of staff at all levels + involvement + training of management
all studies at least partly effective, involvement + clear leadership of management + flexible interventions to encourage employee engagement were particularly important for the success of interventions
macro - large scale { public health campagins } + public policy
meso - specific communities
micro - individual intervention + or as a family
having access to the best things in life may actually undercut people's ability to reap enjoyment from life's small pleasures'
focusing on time leads to greater happiness than focusing on money HOWEVER spending money on others + on experiences versus possessions increases happiness
lottery winners not happier than non-lottery winners
people more central to a network of freinds are more likey to becomes happy in the future
10 year study (North et al., 2008)
family social support showed a substantial, positive association with concurrent happiness, increased support = increased happiness
RCT - randomised controlled trial
randomisation + preordained outcome measures + blinding
minimises + selection
if initial participant pool is large enough the two groups should be roughly equal; confounders are distributed equally
randomisation stops participants being entered into a condition based on researcher or participant preference; reduces selection bias
when the intervention group does not accurately reflect the population
participants chosen at random for each condition
so researchers can’t cherry pick their results
researchers/ participants don’t know who is in which condition, to minimise bias
non-randomized comparative study / trial
nonrandomized intervention
quasi-experimental trial / study
non-equivalent control group designs
utilises intervention and control/comparison group, but participants are not randomised into these
useful when randomisation is not possible (e.g. comparing two groups for example the impact of exercise in individuals with and without psychosis)
before + after study
measures taken before + after intervention [ usually no control / comparison group ] easier to implement because of this [ useful if not providng the intervention would be considered unethical ]