SUPRASEGMENTAL
english sentences however do not always care regular rhythm because of some mediating factors such as the _,_ and the _
grammatical construction of the sentences
the meaning conveyed by the speaker
personality of the speaker
to develop a rhythm of the language you must learn to use the devices of speech which are the indicators of rhythm namely:
_ encoding blending and phrasing of words and sentences
_
stress
intonation
it is the intensity of utterance given to speech sound, syllable, or word producing relative loudness.
stress
stress involves changes in _,_,&_. there are four degrees of speech in english _,_,_,&_
pitch, force, and duration
strong stress
secondary stress
tertiary stress
weak/ zero stress
WORD STRESS
one syllable words like do, has, and bay are stressed in isolation. in context, they blend with the nearest word and lose a part of the original sound. e.g (deal seal tame whole seal care hold may)
monosyllabic words
WORD STRESS
this was two or more syllables have only one strong stress such as the marked syllables in prEfix, commAnder, indicAtion, and eligibILity.
multi-syllable words
WORD STRESS
such as 30 15 60th and 14th are also characterized by specific syllable stress. those ending in -ty and -ieth or stressed on the _ syllable while toes in ending -teen and -teenth are stressed on the _ syllable.
number words
first syllable
last syllable
WORD STRESS
summer performed by adding a prefix or suffix to a ROOT WORD usually RETAIN the same syllable stress such as localize- localize. others however result in the change in syllable stress, function and meaning. like PORTable- PortaBIlity, TRANSport-imPORT.
derived words
WORD STRESS
it is a two word verb or a three word verb consisting of a simple verb and an adverbial participle and or preposition whose meaning may have no apparent connection with the meaning or use of its component parts.like give and up, GIVE UP
-the placement of the strong strength in two word verbs depends on the structure of the combination whether the combination is separable or not. like Call her UP, Call up MOM, Call Mary UP.
phrasal verbs
WORD STRESS
noun noun or adjective noun combinations carry stress positions on the basis of the meanings they convey.
purpose - 1st
material - 2nd
SEWING machine
Leather BAG
word combinations
SENTENCE STRESS
nouns main verbs, adjectives, adverbs, the demonstratives and question words (wh, and how) are _ they are usually _ as they carry the meaning of a sentence
on the other hand, determiners ( articles, demonstrative, and possesive pronouns), personal pronouns, prepositions, conjunctions and auxiliary verbs are usually _ in context. in the process of unstressing these words less and less time is given to their pronunciation.
content words
stressed
unstressed
sentence stress
UNSTRESSED
_ A book,THIS road, HIS book, THEIR land
_sing IT, bring HIM, invite HER, tell HIM
_TO market, ON top, FROM the teacher, WITH tom
_bread AND butter, slow BUT sure, red OR blue
_ IS coming, HAS left, WILL leave, SHOULD, CAN
_ you have - YOU'VE
_ cannot - CAN'T, are not- AREN'T
determiners
personal pronouns
prepositions
conjunctions
auxiliary verbs
reduced forms
negative contractions
SENTENCE STRESS
when a sentence is composed of two or more phrases and clauses and when it is longer than usual so that you cannot accommodate the internet structure in one inhalation or in one single breath, you have to pause between faces in order to catch additional air. passes depends largely on the meaning you want to convey and on the number of units of thought contained in the sentence.
I called,/ Robert.//
Phrasing of sentences
SENTENCE STRESS
stress is used to emphasize an idea into indicate contrast in sentence. one two or more words can be stressed if:
-the word contains the idea
-the word repeats or reinforces an earlier idea
-it is an answer to a particular question
emphatic stress
SENTENCE STRESS
when differing idea exist in one, two or more words, each of these words are stressed for contrast.
The GIRLS want a PICNIC but the BOYS want a PARTY.
to convey special meanings, some words that are not usually stressed becomes stressed while words that are customary distressed like nouns become unstressed.
i have some FRIENDS vs. I have SOME friends.
Have you done any WORK today? Have you done ANY work today?
contrastive stress
INTONATION
there are fortunes used in speaking. _,_,_,&_
the first three are the most commonly used tunes and intonation patterns of a standard english or a combination of these three tunes. extra high which is used to express an extreme emotion like extreme fear extreme anger extreme surprise or extreme excitement is seldom used in normal speaking.
low tune
normal tune
high tune
extra high tune
THE BASIC INTONATION PATTERNS
- what are the three basic intonation patterns and which of them are classified as FINAL INTONATION patterns
231 or the rising falling intonation
233 or the rising intonation
2 3 2 or the non final intonation
the final intonations are rising falling intonation and rising intonation
the basic intonation patterns
it begins on the normal tune and ends by raising the voice to high on the last dress syllable of the sentence, then making it fall to low. it is used to in short simple statements of fact, commands and request, and information questions5WH and 1H.
the 231 or rising falling intonation
the basic intonation patterns
the voice begins on the normal tune and ends in a high tune on the last stressed words of the sentence. the syllables which follow the rise or pronouns on the high no to with the last syllable slightly higher than the rest. in english it is normally used at the end of questions that are answered by ( yes no or perhaps)
the 233 or rising intonation
the basic intonation patterns
this intonation is used in that part of the sentence which precedes the last stressed word. it suggests in completeness of thought and its signals that the speaker still has something to say.
the voice begins on normal then rises to pitch level on the stress word and returns to normal level. this is done when the speaker wishes to suggest that the what follow is connected with what he just said.
2 3 2 or non-final intonation
_ is how loud the speakers voice is during a presentation. it is one of the most vital elements of any speech. if you were voice does not reach the audience it becomes much better for your content to resonate with the audience. rejecting your voice demonstrates confidence which is a crucial element of presenting a good speech.
volume
tips for using effective volume
_ make sure you're speaking loud enough so the person for this in the back and clearly hear what you say. try visualizing your voice is a physical presence that you are pushing to the back of the room
_ standing with proper form will go a long way and helping your voice travel further. stand tall and you will notice the difference
_make sure you volume is sufficient enough to minimize the distance between you and audience. this is especially true if you tend to speak quietly or have a natural quiet voice
_speaking with the proper volume is important but also make sure you are also varying your volume. speaking at different volumes throughout your presentation is an effective way to highlight key points. speaking at the lower volume just your audience in. alternatively allow the volume will emphasis key points.
_begin your speech with a commanding volume. this is an effective way to capture the audience attention right away.
_emphasize your conclusion by using a commanding volume. speak loudly clearly and within appropriate case to bring in sense of closure to speech
_practice at home or in a classroom with their roommates friends family or anyone who will listen. practice in a variety of room sizes with an unused members sitting at the back of the room have you remember make note of your vocal variety and if they can hear you throughout the whole presentation.
project your voice
have proper posture
practice proper distance
vocal variety
start strong
finish strong
practice makes perfect
WORD STRESS
a shift in position of syllable stress, results in a change in the meaning of a particular group of words. in the words CONduct and CONtact the strong stress is on the 1st syllable indicating that they are nouns which mean behavior and friend relationships. when stressed in the 2nd syllable as in conDUCT conTACT they became verbs which mean to accompany and to get in touch .
Noun-verb shifts