ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
To is the study of internal structures of the body
Anatomy
It is the study of functions of the organs
Physiology
The person stands erect and faces forward; the arms are straight and placed along the sides of the body with palms facing forward and the legs are straight with feet a bit apart, facing forward anf flat on the floor
Anatomical Position
It indicates whether one body structure is in relation to another
Directional Terms
front of the body
Anterior/Ventral
Back of the body
Posterior/Dorsal
Inner side; near the midline of the body
Medial
Same side of the body as another structure
Lateral
Same side of the body as another stucture
Ipsilateral
Opposite side of the Body from another structure
Contralateral
Close to the point of attachment; near the origin
Proximal
Farther from the point of attachement; away from the origin
Distal
near the face
Superficial
Away from the surface; more internal
Deep
Divides the body into anterior and posterior portions
Corona plane
Divides into left and right
Sagittal plane
It is known as cross-sectional. Divides the body into superior and inferior parts
Transverse plane
Parallel to the sagittal plane
Para sagittal plane
It is the hardened portion of te body which may either be located externally or internally
Skeleton
skeleton located inside the body.
Endoskeleton
skeleton located outside the body.
Exoskeleton
Endoskeleton which is located at the center or axis of the body. 80 bones. Skull
Axial
Endoskeleton which laterally or at the sides of the body or in the region of the appendages. 126 bones
Appendicular
protects the brain
skull
protects the heart and lungs
Ribs
protects the spinal cord
vertebrae
produces blood cells in the leg
femur
produces blood cells in the arm
humerus
they are bone-forming cells
osteoblasts
they are the mature bones cells
osteocytes
they are the bone resoorbing cells
osteoclasts
also known as cancellous or trabecular bone. it s found in the long bones and it is surrounded by compact bone
spongy bone
also called cortical bone, surrounds spongy bone. they are heavy tough and compact in nature
Compact bone
It is the basic unit of compact bone
Harvesian System/osteon
It is a living tissue which has its own blood vessels and is made of various cells, proteins, minerals and vitamins
Bone
It is band of tissue that connects muscle t bone
Tendon
It is an elastic band of tissue that connects bone to bone ad provides stability to joints
Ligament
It is soft, gel-like padding between bones that protects joints and facilitates movement
cartilage
It is a soft connective tissue found in spaces in bones
bone marrow
It produces body's blood cells
Red bone marrow
It stores fat(reserve energy)
Yellow marrow
they are slightly movable
cartilaginous joints/amphiarthrosis
they are immovable
fibrous joints/synarthroses
they are freely movable
synovial joints/diarthroses
movement in all directions
Ball and socket
like a door, opening and closing in one direction
hinge joint
It allows movement but no direction
condyloid joints
one bone that can swivel in a ring formed from a second bone
Pivot joint
It is also known as plane joint. It only permits limited movement, characterized by smooth surfaces that can help slip over one another
Gliding joint
It does not allow rotation, enables movement back and forth and side to side
Saddle joint
Bones become weak due to changes in bone mineral density and mass
osteoporosis
break in bone
fracture
sideways curve to their spine
Scoliosis
Abnormaly rounded upper back
kyphosis
also called swayback, spine curves significantly inward at the lower back
lordosis
cartilage between two joints is worn down
osteoarthritis
autoimmune and inflammatory disease
Rheumatoid arthritis
inflammaroty arthritis, caused by too much uric acid in the body marked by intense pain
gout
inflammation of bursa, the small fluid-filled sac, cushion between the bones and other parts likemuscle, tendons, joints or skin
bursitis
It is the outer covering of the body; it is the largest organ outside the body
Skin
Outermost layer of the skin
Epidermes
the non-living later, this is what you see and touch
stratum corneum
a clear layer. it makes the skin thick, it is present in out skin on palms and on the soles of the feet
stratum lucidum (thick skin)
granular layer. It contains living keratinocytes
stratum granulosum
spiny layer, mitosis s active
stratum spinosum
it is at the base of the epidermis, columnar cells, single layer, production of most cells happen here
stratum basale
It produces keratin, a type of protein
Keratinocytes
It produces melanin, a pigment serves as a protection of our body towards the harmful ultraviolet rayss
Melanocytes
It is for immunity because it ingest unwanted invaders
Langerhan cells
It is for sensation, with sensory receptors, found between epidermis and dermis
markel cells
presence of blood, nerves, hair fllicles, and glands. The inner and thicker layer of the skin
Dermis
areolar connective tissues, Dermal papillae, with ridges for the formation of fingerprints
Papirllary layer
It is the layer where tattoos are found
reticular layer
It contains body fats or adipose tissue. It is for insulation and prevents shocks
subcutis/hypodermis
It is a one celled gland.
Unicellular gland
it is a many celled gland
Multicellular glands
It is also known as a true gland
Merocrine gland
The secretion gathers at the tip of the gland, and then a portion of the cytoplasm of the cell producing the secretion is chipped off and goes together with the secretion
Apocrinegland
The netie cell which produces the secretion ges together with the secretion so that new cells are constantly produced to replace the lost cell
Holocrine
blocked skin follicle
Acne
losing of hair
alopecia areata
dry, itchy sin leading to swelling
eczema
scaly skin that may swell or feet hot
psriasis
patches that lose pigment
vitiligo
tissue damage that results from helat, overexposure to the sun or other radiation or chemical or electrical contact
burn
It is the scientific study of muscles, from Latin myos, "muscle" and logia, "logy or study of"
Myology
It helps the body moves. It moves food through the digestive system
Muscles
Muscles not under your conscious control
Involuntary muscle
Muscles that are under your conscious
Voluntary muscles
Attached to bones and move bones using tendons. Connective tissue attaching muscles to bones
Skeletal
Inside many internal organs, involuntary
smooth
Found only in th eheart, involuntary
Cardiac
A muscle is made up of bundles of muscle fibers called
fascicle
Each facicles is enveloped by a connective tissue, the...
perimysium
separates one or more muscle fibers
Endomysium
more fixed, and usually proximal in position
Point of origin
The more movable and usually distally-located point of attachement
Point of insertion
straightens a part
extensor
Ben's a part
flexor
brings a part toward the median line
adductor