African American History: American Revolutionary War for Independence Era II
Vanquished and Defeated General at the Siege of Yorktown capitulated before the Continental Army and the French allies in October 1781 A D.
Cornwallis
The practice of allowing the Citizens of a State or territory to decide issues based on the principle of Majority Rule .
Popular Sovereignty
This political philosophy stressed the importance of state to be governed by Representatives and NOT by the Monarch . As a Social philosophy , it mandated for Civic virtue of its white citizens only .
Republicanism
German mercenaries as hired by Great Britain to quell the American Rebellion .
Hessians
A State wide acts that made it legal for State government to confiscate and seize the Loyalist's property .
Confiscation Acts
This Battle was known by many nomenclature : Battle of Yorktown , the Surrender at Yorktown , and the GermanBattle . The onset of military conflict was on 28 September 1781 in Yorktown, Virginia. The joint international forces of the American Continental Army Troops under General Washington's auspices & Gilbert du Motier Marquis de Lafayette and French Army troops as led by Comte de Rochambeau gained insurmountable Victory as itforced British Lieutenant General Charles Cornwallis & British troops into capitulation. This was a decisive & final battle of the American Revolution. The British withdrawal prepared the Peace Treaty negotiation.
Siege of Yorktown
A Colonial Militias of eponymous name prepared to mobilize and fight the British with a Minute's Notice . These members were integrated into an organized New England Colonial Militia companies . They were trained in weaponry , militaristic tactics and stratagem. Its Militia was comprised of the Ameican Colonial partisan Militia during the American Revolutionary War. They manifested the alacrity to serve upon Minute's admonitory notification. There was mobilized deployment of forces with active colonies' response of imminent war threat . Africans whether enslaved or free served in this capacity especially the Northern private Militias where they defended the colonies against the marauding Native Americans ' attacks .
Minutemen
An Embossment or something that confirms , ratifies , or makes secure ; Guarantees , Assurance , ; A device with a cut or raised emblem , symbol , or word used especially to certify a signature or authenticate a document . Context : Under __?__ as in with an aithenticating __?__ affixed .
Seal
The British colonies in North America gained partial Sovereignty upon endorsing the Declaration of Independence in 1776 . They included Delaware , Georgia , Maryland , The Province of Massachusetts Bay , , New Hampshire , New York , New Jersey , Pennsylvania , North Carolina , Rhode Island , and Providence Plantation , South Carolina , and Virginia. All had slavery . Collectively , they were called this .
Thirteen Colonies
The paper currency that the Continental government lithographed ( printed ) to fund the Revolution .
Continental Currency
This was an ideological and political revolution . Its occurrence took place in British Colonial America from 1764 to 1791 .Thirteen Colonies formed independent States that vanquished the British troops in the American Revolutionary War ( 1775 -1783 ) . The outcome procured a resounding independence from the British Monarchy , the Crown . The ratified U.S. Constitution established 1st Modern Constitutional Democracy.
American Revolution
In the wake of Britain's defeat in Yorktown , the Parliament voted unanimously to end its military campaign against the rebels . 1782 : Evacuation of the British troops from former American colonies . April 1782 : Informal Peace negotiation commenced in Paris with these particioants : Benjamin Franklin , John Adams , and John Jay. This Treaty signed on 03 September 1783 . Its provisions embodied a) Recognition of U.S. Independence & Sovereignty ; b) Established boundaries at Western , Eastern , Northern , & Southern boundaries of the nation at Mississippi River , the Atlantic Ocean , Canada , and Florida ; c) Piscary rights granted to the New England erases to the waters off Newfoundland ( Cabotage privileges ) ; d) Individual State's refraining from the persecution of Loyalists including the return of the Loyalists' confiscated real property . Name this Treaty .
Treaty of Paris
Revolutionaries, Rebels , Continental , and the American Whigs were the nomenclature for this segment of the American Revolution. They were the Colonists of the Thirteen Colonies. There was active denunciation and condemnation of the British Parliamentary rules . On 04 July 1776 , the signed Declaration of Independence 📜 had created an Independent and Sovereign nation whose political philosophy emphasizes Republicanism as influenced by such theorists as Thomas Paine , Thomas Jefferson , and John Adams . The Loyalists expressed opposition of this political Doctrine and were the rivals of this genre .
Patriots
Its Sequel to the Dunmore's Proclamation. The British Army General Sir Henry Clinton issued this Proclamation decree on 30 June 1779 . Its intention stimulated the enlistment of African fugitives owned by the Patriots and of alleges into the Royal Armed Forces .
Philipsburg Proclamation
This biracial American Whaler , sailor , and Stevedores of African and Native American Indian ancestry became the 1st casualty of both , the Boston Massacre ( 05 March 1770 ) and the American Revolution. . According tobthe Pennsylvania Gazette , hisxethnicity wascdepucted as a "...Mulatto man named Crispus Attuck , who was born in Framington , but belonged to New Providence..."
Crispus Attucks
The British Sentinels and troops had been garrisoned and stationed within the province of Massachusetts Bay since 1768 . They aligned with the Monarch and the Parliamentary Legislature. Their presence had engendered simmering tension between the Boston Ian's and the British. On 05 March 1770 , presumably , 9 British shot into thecthrongs of 400 Boston Ian's and slaughtered 5. Crispus Attucks reportedly as the 1st casualty . Leading Patriits Paul Revere & Samuel Adam's charged a Massacre.
Boston Massacre
This series of Legislative bodies had executive function . It served for the Thirteen Colonies of the British Colonial America . It represented the newly declared U.S. before , during , and after the American Revolutionary War. Its term had allusion to the First Continental Congress that existed from 1774 to 1781 .Its subsequent name was changed to the Congress ofcthe Confederation that spanned from1781 to 1789 . It operated as the 1st National Government of the United States. The U. S. Constitution supplanted this entity to another name . Again , its term is applicable to 3 Congressional bodies of the Thirteen Colonies and the newly formed U.S. It convened between 1774 to 1789 .
Continental Congress
The Continental Congress assigned this organized force the task of the Minutemen in March 1775 .
Massachusetts Militia
An Army or some militaristic fighting organization of non professional soldiers , citizens , of the country , or subjects of a state to provide military services during time of need . This is NOT a professional force of full time military personnel . The Auxiliary functions included support ofcregular troops via skirmishes , holding fortification , and staging irregular warfares .
Militia
This was the 1st military engagement of the American Revolutionary War. On 19 April 1775 , this battle began with 2 towns in Middlesex County , Province of Massachusetts Bay . The neighboring hamlets encompassed Lincoln , Menotomy , , and Cambridge. This combat historically served as the naissance of the outbreak of Armed conflucts between Great Britain and the Thirteen Colonies in North America. African Americans served herein as Patriots .
Battle of Lexington and Concord
On 17 June 1775 , this Battle emerged as the 1st stage of the American Revolutionary War amidst the British siege of Boston . Its eponymous name is emanative of the hamlets , __?__ Hill in Charlestown , Massachusetts . Most of its battles were fought at the peripheral regions of Breed's Hill. These Men of African ancestry served as Patriots alongside White's : Peter Salem , Salem Poor , Barilla Lew , Titus Coburn , Blaney Garsha , Alexander Ames , Seymour Burr , and Cato Howe . All fought in the hope of Freedom and Liberty for themselves . Other African Americans were offficiated as Espials , messengerss, couriers , and itinerant guides .
Battle of Bunker Hill
The Army of the Thirteen Colonies and the Revolutionary Era . In the outbreak of the Revolutionary War , the Continental Congress authorized the formation of this branch pursuant to the Congressional Resolution on 14 June 1775 . It coordinated military strength and strategies against the British Colonialism and served as an aegis of the Thirteen Colonies toward the marshaled cause of Independence and Sovereignty. The Continental Congress' appointee , George Washington , served as the Commander in Chief. Note : Prior to his appointment, this Branch and the New Militisa. met the quotas for the successful recruitment of enslaved Blacks with promise of Freedom. After Dunmore's Proclamation shake up , Washington decreed for the reenlistment of Free Black soldiers who already served in previous battles .
Continental Army
This Westchester African American Patriot was also known as Jon Jacob Rifle __?__ . This soldier of African and Kitchewan ancestry saved the Continental Army from defeat , betrayal , and loss . Via his espionage , he discerned the hidden motive of Benedict Arnold's treason plans and of Major Andre's conspiracy to surrender the American troops to the British. This led to his coup 'd'etat of Arnold and the apprehensive capture of Major Andrew who defected to the British side after his meteoric rise in the Continental Army. This Black informant overthrew them in Croton , New York. This African American was posthumously awarded a plaque in his name for heroism & quik-thinking . __?__ Memorial is housed in Croton Point , formerly Teller's Point . He protected the U.S. accomplished goal of Natio al Sovereignty.
Jack Peterson
Beginning on its foundling date : 13 October 1775 , this U.S. Maritime branch mobilized fleets under the auspices of John Adams , the Continental __?__ patron . Its garnered Congressional support anent the limitation of patriot supply pool. Given the paucity of manpower , it marshalled the enlistment of African American Men as Sailors away from the Royal Navy , the enemy of war . The latter were used as Patriots on their C.N. Vessels . Many of the African Americans served as Captains in the State navies such as rhe one in South Carolina
Continental Navy
This was the United Kingdom's Naval warfare force . Historically , both the English and Scottish made utilization of three warship from the Early Medieval period . This fleet held its major maritime engagement against France amid the Hundred Years War . The Modern __R___ __?_< had ancestral root to the Early 16th Century. It is the Oldest United Kingdom Armed Services . Contemporary name is Senior Service . During the American Revolutionary War , it actively recruited African American Loyalists.
Royal Navy
An armed uprising by enslaved Africans in the hope of gaining freedom. This insurrectionary activity occurred in vulnerable slave societies . Song , arts , and cultures via collective and kinetic spirit capitalized on their motif of Slave revolts and liberty for all enslaved brothers . A vast majority was quelled and subdued by the alerted slavemasters and planters .
Slave Rebellion
A soldier employed to perform construction or engineering tasks . It is akin and analigous to the sapper ? or combat engineer .
Pioneers ( Military )
As stationed in Philadelphia , this fraternal organization was a collective bodies of Black Loyalists. These Men of African ancestry and descent allied with the British Forces and the White Loyalists during the American Revolutionary War. A vast majority of them were Fugitives who escaped and ascended the Patriot masters' enslavement. They rendered loyal service to the British Crown on the guarantee of Freedom. Some engaged in menial support roles , such as street sweepers , attending the scavenges and debris removal .
Black Company of Pioneers
Savannah , Augusta , and Charleston . British had active recruitment ofcthese African American men who deserted the Patriots' side . In October 1770 , 200 of these defended the British siege of Savannah against a joint alliance of the American Patriots and the French . As per the Historians' statistical tally , roughly over 20,000 African American men became Loyalists amid the Revolutionary War while a marginalized number of 5,000 served as Patriots.
Black Loyalists
It is Alternatively called Lord Dunmore's __?__ Regiment . It was a British Colonial Military Unit . John Murray , the Earl of Dunmore, organized this force during the American Revolution. It was composute of enslaved Africans who absconded their Patriots masters in grove . It was also under the British officers and Sergeants' management. Upon its dissolution around 1776 , many Africans sought alternative Loyalists units .
Ethiopian Regiment
This State ratified the First State Constutution on 05 January 1776 .
New Hampshire
American Revolutionary War of 18th Century C.E
War for Independence