Reproductive system
What is the primary reproductive organ in males?
Testis
What is the primary reproductive organ in females?
Ovary
What is the function of the fallopian tube?
Fertilization of the egg
What is the structure that connects the uterus to the vagina?
Cervix
Which hormone is responsible for ovulation in females?
Estrogen
What is the function of the epididymis in males?
Storage and maturation of sperm
What is the structure that carries sperm from the testis to the urethra?
Vas deferens
What is the process by which a sperm and egg fuse to form a zygote?
Fertilization
Which hormone is responsible for the development and maintenance of male secondary sexual characteristics?
Testosterone
What is the condition in which the fertilized egg implants outside the uterus?
Ectopic pregnancy
What is the first stage of the Embryonic development system?
Zygote begins cleavage and rapid cell division begin without enlargment
How long is the oocyte viable for?
12-24 hours
What is the morula?
16 cell stage. 3-4 days to reach uterus
What is the 2nd stage of fertilization?
Blastocyst.
What two cells make up the blastocyst
Trophoblast and Embryoblast
What does the Trophoblast do?
It becomes the chorion. Secretes enzymes that allow for implantation. Secretes HCG. No menstruation
What is the embryoblast?
Inner mass cells that develop into the embryo
What is the 3rd stage of fertilization?
Gastrulation.
What develops during Gastrulation?
Ectoderm, Mesoderm, and Endoderm
What is the Ectoderm?
Development of the nervous system and skin
What is the mesoderm?
Development of skeleton, muscles and reproductive organs
What is the endoderm?
Development of the digestive tract and respiratory system.
What does the Chrion form into?
Placenta
What is the function for the placenta?
Allows exchange between mom and baby. Prevents further ovulation. Produces progesterone, estrogen and hCG
What is the Amnion?
Sack filled with amniotic fluid. Embryo temperature regulation.
What is the Allantois?
Forms into the umbilical cord, connecting baby and placenta.
What is the yolk sac
produces 1st blood cells and future gametes.
What produces Estrogen and Progesterone first
The corpus luteum which then becomes the placenta
Breast milk is stimulated by which hormone?
Oxytocin and prolactin
What is day 14-28
ovulation
what day is the follicular phase
day 6-13
What happens during the follicle phase?
New follicle matures. Increase in FSH. follicle cells secrete estrogen. Triggers the release of LH
What happens in the testes?
Production of sperm and testosterone
what temp does sperm production occur at?
3 degrees lower than body temp. Close to body when cold, away when hot
What is the function of the seminiferous tubles
sperm cells. Spermatogenesis: sperm making
What is the supporting cells found in the tubules
Sertoli cells
What does sertoli provide
nutrients to developing sperm cells
Interstitial cells
Production of testosterone
What is the acrosome? and where is it located
Located on the head of the sperm. Acrosome is caps with enzymes that dissolves the eggs coat and allow for penetration.
Which part of the sperm provides energy?
the middle
What does the epididymis do?
Stores immature sperm. They become mature and fertile as they move through the epididymis
what does the epididymis look like?
Comma shaped on top of the testes
What part carries sperm into the ejaculatory duct and acts like a storage duct?
Dustus (Vas) Derferens
what carries sperm to the penis
Ejaculatory duct
what provides sperm energy?
fructose
What secretes mucus before ejaculation that neutralizes semen in the urethra
Cowpers gand
2 hormones secreted by the ovary
Estrogen and Progesterone
What is the ovum?
Its much larger than sperm. an egg that is non motile and lots of mitochondria
Another name for oviducts
Fallopian tube
another name for egg
ova and oocytes
Oviducts funtion?
Receives oocyte from the ovary. Not directly connected to the ovaries
What are the two layers the uterus is composed of?
Myometrium and Endometrium
What is the myometrium?
Muscle layer that supports baby
What is the endometrium?
Blood vessel linding that provides nourishment for the embryo. Sheds during period. Embryo implants in the endometrium
What are two types of nerve cells found in the nervous system?
Glial cells and Neurons
Which cell is used for structual and nutritional support?
Glial cells
What are dendrites?
Branches which accepts nerve impuleses from other neurons and carry them towards the body
What is the white matter in your brain
Mylinated Neuron.
What is the grey matter in your brain?
Unmylinated
What are axon?
Longer branches which carries nerve impulses away from body
What surrons each axon, allowing for speeding up the rate of impulse transmission?
Myelin sheath
What type of glial cell are responsible for producing myelin sheath?
Schwann cells
What are the gaps between schwann cells? and what happens?
Nodes od Ranvier. Electrical impulses that jump from node to node
sensory neuron description?
Gather infomation from sensory receptors, and transmit to brain
interneuron description?
Process and intergrate incoming sensory into neuron and relaying info to motor neurons
Motor neruon description
Transmit infomation from brain to muscles and other organs
What are the four stages of a nerve impulses
1.Polarized/ resting 2.depolarization 3. repolarization 4. refractory period
What are threshold levels?
The minimum charge in the membrane potential required to generate an action potential
Two types of neurotransmitters
Excitatory and Inhibitory
What does acetylcholine do?
causes contraction of muscle fibres
what does cholinesterase do?
enzymes that break down acetylcholine after action potential has occurred
What is the largest part of the brain?
The cerebral cortex or the cerebrum
What is the right-hemisphere of the brain responsible for?
Creative and abstract thinking
What is the left-hemisphere of the brain responsible for?
analytical and concrete
What part of the brain is used for communication between the two hemispheres?
Corpus Callosum
What is the use of the frontal lobe?
Conscious thoughts, intelligence, memory, personality, voluntary muscle movements and the Broca's area
what is the use of the parietal lobe?
Touch, taste and info about body position
What is the use of the temporal lobe?
Hearing, WERNICKE'S AREA
what is the use of the occipital lobe
processes visual information.
What happens when the Broca area is damaged?
Patients are unable to produce fluent speech but can understand others
What happens when the Wernicke area is damaged?
Patients can produce fluent speech but cannot understand
what does the cerebellum do?
Coordinates fine muscle movements and balance
What is the two main division of the PNS
The somatic system and autonomic system
What does the somatic system do?
controls voluntary movement. Carries info from the sensory receptors to the skeletal
what are two subdivisions of the autonomic system?
Sympathetic and parasympathetic
What is the "fight or flight" that is activated during a stressful situation causing the release of epinephrine/norepinephrine?
Sympathetic
What is rest and digest
parasympathetic
What are photoreceptors?
stimulated by light (eye receptors)
what are chemoreceptors?
Stimulated by chemicals (nose or tongue)
what are mechanorecptors?
stimulated by pressure ( ear)
what are thermoreceptors?
stimulated by heat/cold (skin)
what is the tough outer layer?
Sclera
what bends the light that enters through the eye
cornea
what is the middle layer with blood vessels
choroid
what is pigmented muscle that controls the amount of light entering the eye?
iris
what is the inner layer
forms optic nerve that exits back of the eye
located on the periphery. Night vision
Rods
the colour vision
cones
myopia means
eyeball is elongated, so focused light falls in front of retina
hyperopia means
eyeball is shortened so focused light falls behind retina
what is the organ of Corti?
organs of hearing found within the cochlea of the inner ear. Contains hair cells that detect vibration
what helps maintain pressure and balance in the ear
semicircular canals
what transmits information to the olfactory in the brain
olfactory bulb
what is adh
anti peeing hormone
what is ACTH
Secretion of cortisol
what is cortisol?
conversion of ammonia to glucose
what is the gnrh
a hormone produced by the hypothalamus; acts on the anterior pituitary to release two sex hormones LH and FSH
what triggers the release of cortisol
long term stress
what does thyroxine increase?
metabolism and blood cells
whats graves disease
lots of thyroxine
what does LH produce
testosterone from interstitial cells
during polarization which side is positive and which side is negative
Outside = positive Na + inside = negative K+
what does FSH produce
sperm