Gorvernment & politics and social movement
what is state?
The state, not as an institution or decision-making body, but as "a human community that (successfully) claims the monopoly of the legitimate use of physical force within a given territory* Weber's definition emphasizes the way in which the state is founded on the control of territory through the use of force.
what is an anarchism?
The political principles and practice of social organization without formal or state leadership anarchy the absence of any organized government.
what is a hegemony?
domination through ideological control and
consent
there two forms of political control:
1. Domination: direct physical violent coercion exerted by
the police and the military to maintain social boundaries
and enforce social rules
2. Hegemony: refers to the ideological control and consent
How the ruling class ruled?
Through ideological control and manipulation
Three key elements that constitute democracy:
1. The institutions of democracy
2. Citizenship
3. Public sphere
Two factors that explain the dynamics of democratic party systems:
1. Political Demand:
The underlying societal factors and social changes that create constituencies of people with common interests.
2. Political Supply:
The strategies and organizational capacities of political parties to deliver an
appealing political program to particular constituencies.
what is a political exceptionalism?
Refers to a situation when the law or the constitution is temporarily suspended during a time of crisis so that the executive leader can claim emergency powers.
what is a State of Exception:
A condition of crisis in which the law or the constitution is temporarily suspended so that the executive leader can claim emergency powers.
What is resource Mobilization Theory
Theory that explains social movements' success in terms of
their ability to acquire resources and mobilize individuals.
• Social movements unless social movement actors are able to create viable organizations, mobilize resources, and
attract large-scale followings
what is Bourgeois Revolution?
A revolution that aims to bring down a feudal system to raise the bourgeois to power.
what is a New Social Movement Theory?
The study of new types of social movements that differ from traditional social movements.
what is a Resource Mobilization Theory?
Theory that explains social movements' success in terms of
their ability to acquire resources and mobilize individuals.
• Social movements unless social movement actors are able to create viable organizations, mobilize resources, and
attract large-scale followings
what is frame?
A way in which experience is organized conceptually.
what are the types of framing?
1. Diagnostic Framing: When the social
problem is stated in a clear, easily understood manner.
2. Prognostic Framing: When social movements state a clear solution and a means of implementation.
3. Motivational Framing: A call to action.
4 aspects Frame Alignment Process:
bridging, amplification, extension, and transformation.
what are the theoretical Perspectives on Collective Behaviour?
1. Emergent Norm Theory
perspective that emphasizes the importance of social norms in crowd behaviour.
2. Value-Added Theory
A functionalist perspective theory that posits that several
preconditions must be in place for collective
behaviour to occur.
3. Assembling Perspective
A theory that credits individuals in crowds as behaving as
rational thinkers and views crowds as engaging in
purposeful behaviour and collective action.
What are the types of crowds?
Type of crowd
Convergence:
clusters:
Convergent
orientation
Collective
vocalization
Collective
verbalization
Collective
gesticulation
Collective
manipulation
Collective
locomotion
Description
what is a social change?
The change in a society created through social
movements as well as through external factors like
environmental shifts or technological innovations.
what is Collective Behaviour?
A non-institutionalized activity in which several people
voluntarily engage.
what are the Forms of Collective Behaviour?
1. The Crowd : Casual Crowds, Conventional Crowds,
2. Acting Crowds
3. The Mass
4. The Public
5. Social Movements
what are the Levels of Social Movements?
Global
National
Regional
Local
what are the Types of Social Movements?
1. Reform Movements: Movements that seek to change something specific about the social structure.
2. Revolutionary Movements: Movements that seek to completely change every aspect of society.
3. Resistance Movements: movements that seek to prevent or undo change to the social structure.
4. Alternative Movements: Social movements that limit themselves to self- improvement changes in individuals.
5. Redemptive Movements: Movements that work to promote inner change growth in individuals.
what are the common characteristics?
1. They have a shared common identity.
2. They act at least partly outside of traditional political
institutions and use protest as one of their primary
forms of actions.
3. They rely on noninstitutionalized networks of interaction.
4. They reject or challenge dominant forms of power.
what is revolutionary?
These movements aim to change an established order by
focusing on supra-individual systems
what is redemptive?
These social movements look to change the whole
individual
What is an Alternative?
• The aim is to change a specific aspect of people's
behaviour.
Four types of social movements
Specific individuals. Everyone
Radical, Redemptive. Revolutionary
Limited, Alternative. Reformative
what is a Blockade?
A blockade is the act of obstructing entry into a specific
place or area.