science
Which cell structure is responsible for controlling the movement of substances into and out of the cell?
Cell membrane
What is the role of the white blood cells called phagocytes in the immune system?
Engulf pathogens
Explain why aerobic respiration releases more energy than anaerobic respiration.
Aerobic respiration fully breaks down glucose in the presence of oxygen, releasing a large amount of energy, whereas anaerobic respiration is incomplete and releases less energy.
Describe how vaccination protects an individual from disease.
Vaccination introduces a small amount of dead or inactive pathogen, stimulating the immune system to produce antibodies and memory cells, providing future immunity without causing the disease.
Describe the main role of enzymes in digestion.
Enzymes are biological catalysts that speed up the breakdown of large, insoluble food molecules into smaller, soluble molecules that can be absorbed.
Describe the function of bile in the human digestive system.
Bile emulsifies fats, breaking large fat globules into smaller droplets, which increases the surface area for lipase enzymes to act upon, and also neutralises stomach acid.
Which component of the blood is primarily responsible for transporting oxygen?
Red blood cells
What is the primary function of ribosomes in a cell?
Protein synthesis
Where does most chemical digestion of food occur in the human digestive system?
Small intestine
Which type of blood vessel carries deoxygenated blood away from the heart to the lungs?
Pulmonary artery
Name the specific tissue in plants that transports water and mineral ions from the roots to the leaves.
Xylem
Which of these is NOT a type of pathogen?
Antigens
Which type of microorganism causes influenza?
Virus
Which of these is a prokaryotic cell?
A bacterial cell
Name the specific part of the small intestine adapted for efficient absorption of digested food.
Villi
State the function of the cell wall in a plant cell.
The cell wall provides structural support and protection to the plant cell, preventing it from bursting when it takes in too much water by osmosis.
Give the word equation for aerobic respiration.
Glucose + Oxygen -> Carbon dioxide + Water (+ Energy)
What is the correct order of increasing complexity in biological organization?
Cell, tissue, organ, organ system
Which of these is a limiting factor for the rate of photosynthesis?
Carbon dioxide concentration
Explain why antibiotics are ineffective against viral diseases.
Antibiotics work by damaging bacterial cell structures or processes, such as cell walls or protein synthesis. Viruses do not have these structures or metabolic pathways and reproduce inside host cells, so antibiotics have no targets.
What is the main product of anaerobic respiration in animal cells?
Lactic acid
Explain the importance of mitosis in living organisms.
Mitosis is essential for growth, repair of damaged tissues, and asexual reproduction, producing two genetically identical daughter cells.
Explain how the process of active transport differs from diffusion.
Active transport requires energy to move substances against a concentration gradient, while diffusion is the passive movement of substances down a concentration gradient.
Which organ produces insulin to control blood glucose levels?
Pancreas
State the name of the process by which plant cells use light energy to make glucose.
Photosynthesis